Chemistry Paper 1: C2

• What are the three states of matter?

  Solids, liquids, and gases
• How does the state of a substance change with temperature?

  A substance can exist in all three states depending on temperature and pressure
• What are the three types of bonding studied at GCSE?

  Ionic bonding, covalent bonding, and metallic bonding
• What are the points at which state changes occur?

  At the melting point and boiling point
• Why do atoms combine with other atoms?

  To achieve a greater level of stability with a full outer shell of electrons

  
• What happens during melting and freezing?

  Melting and freezing occur at the melting point
• What occurs during boiling and condensing?

  Boiling and condensing take place at the boiling point
• What is an ionic bond?

  An ionic bond occurs when metals and non-metals react by transferring electrons
• How do individual atoms differ from bulk matter?

  Individual atoms do not share the same properties as bulk matter
• What are ions?

  Ions are oppositely charged particles formed by the transfer of electrons
• How can the three states of matter be represented in a model?

  By representing particles as small solid spheres
• How do ionic compounds hold together?

  They are held together by strong electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged ions
• What are the properties of solids, liquids, and gases?

  • Solid: Regular arrangement, vibrate about a fixed position, very close particles
  • Liquid: Randomly arranged, move around each other, close particles
  • Gas: Randomly arranged, move quickly in all directions, far apart particles
• What is a covalent bond?

  A covalent bond is formed when non-metal atoms share pairs of electrons

  
• What determines the amount of energy needed to change state?

  The strength of the forces between the particles
• What is a metallic bond?

  A metallic bond occurs in metals and metal alloys
• How does the strength of forces between particles affect melting and boiling points?

  The stronger the forces, the higher the melting and boiling points
• What type of change is state change?

  It is a physical change
• What is an ion?

  An ion is an electrically charged atom or group of atoms formed by the loss or gain of electrons
• What is melting?

  Melting is when a solid changes into a liquid
• What happens to electrons during ionic bonding?

  Electrons are transferred from metals to non-metals

  
• What happens to particles during melting?

  Heat absorbed is transformed into kinetic energy, causing particles to vibrate and flow
• What are negative ions called?

  Negative ions are called anions
• What are the two allotropes of carbon mentioned in the study material?

  Diamond and graphite
• What is the melting point?

  The specific temperature at which melting occurs
• What are positive ions called?

  Positive ions are called cations
• Why are diamond and graphite physically different despite both being made of carbon atoms?

  Due to differences in bonding arrangements
• What is boiling?

  Boiling is when a liquid changes into a gas
• How many other carbon atoms does each carbon atom bond with in diamond?

  Four other carbon atoms

  
• What is the difference between boiling and evaporation?

  Boiling forms bubbles inside the liquid, while evaporation occurs only at the surface
• How do metals and non-metals form ions?

  Metals lose electrons to become positively charged ions, while non-metals gain electrons to become negatively charged ions

  
• What is the boiling point?

  The specific temperature at which boiling occurs
• What shape do the carbon atoms form in diamond?

  A tetrahedron

  
• What is the electronic structure of ions from Groups 1, 2, 6, and 7?

  They will have the same electronic structure as a noble gas
• What type of bonds are present in diamond?

  Strong covalent bonds

  
• What is freezing?

  Freezing is when a liquid changes into a solid
• Does diamond conduct electricity?

  No, diamond does not conduct electricity
• What is the relationship between melting point and freezing point?

  They occur at the same temperature for a pure substance
• What is the charge of a sodium ion?

  The charge of a sodium ion is 1+

  
• What is required for freezing to occur?

  A significant decrease in temperature or loss of thermal energy