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• What are the three types of strong chemical bonds?

  Ionic, covalent, and metallic
• How does ionic bonding occur?

  Between oppositely charged ions
• What happens during covalent bonding?

  Atoms share pairs of electrons
• What characterizes metallic bonding?

  Atoms share delocalised electrons
• Between which types of elements does ionic bonding occur?

  Metals and non-metals
• Where does covalent bonding typically occur?

  In most non-metallic elements and compounds
• In which materials is metallic bonding found?

  In metallic elements and alloys
• What happens to metals during ionic bonding?

  They lose electrons to become positive ions
• What do non-metals do in ionic bonding?

  They gain electrons to become negative ions
• What electronic structure do ions from Group 1 and 2 metals and Group 6 and 7 non-metals have?

  Noble gas electronic structures
• How does the charge on an ion relate to its group number?

  It corresponds to the group number
• How is the transfer of electrons in ionic bonding represented?

  Using dot and cross diagrams
• What structure do ionic compounds form?

  A giant lattice structure of ions
• What acts between oppositely charged ions in ionic compounds?

  Strong electrostatic forces
• How can the structure of sodium chloride be represented?

  Using different 2D and 3D diagrams
• How can empirical formulas of ionic compounds be determined?

  From their models or diagrams
• What forms covalent bonds?

  When atoms share electron pairs
• What are the forces in ionic compounds called?

  Ionic bonds
• What types of substances can covalent bonds form?

  Small molecules, large molecules, giant structures
• What are polymers?

  Long chains of repeating units with covalent bonds
• What characterizes giant covalent structures?

  They have extremely strong bonds
• What is the structure of metals?

  A giant structure of atoms in a regular pattern
• What happens to outer shell electrons in metals?

  They are delocalised and free to move
• What results from the attraction between delocalised electrons and positive ions?

  Strong metallic bonds
• How can the structure of metals be represented?

  Using 2D and 3D models
• What are the three states of matter?

  Solid, liquid, and gas
• What occurs at the melting point?

  Melting and freezing
• What occurs at the boiling point?

  Boiling and condensing
• How does a simple particle model represent particles?

  As small, solid spheres
• What affects the amount of energy needed for state changes?

  The strength of the forces between particles
• How do stronger forces between particles affect melting and boiling points?

  They result in higher melting and boiling points
• What are the state symbols in chemical equations?

  (s), (l), (g), and (aq)
• What do ionic compounds form?

  Giant ionic lattices with strong forces
• Why do ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points?

  Due to strong ionic bonds
• When do ionic compounds conduct electricity?

  When molten or dissolved
• Why do small molecules have low melting and boiling points?

  Due to weak intermolecular forces
• How does the size of a molecule affect intermolecular forces?

  Larger molecules have stronger intermolecular forces
• Why don't small molecules conduct electricity?

  They lack an overall charge
• What characterizes polymers?

  Very large molecules with strong covalent bonds
• Why are polymers solid at room temperature?

  Due to stronger intermolecular forces