biochem of molecules

• What are chemical elements joined together to form?

  Compounds
• What are biological compounds formed from?

  Chemical elements
• What are the main lesson objectives in the study material?

  1. Elements, ions, and compounds
  2. Organic and inorganic compounds
  3. Water
  4. Knowledge checks
  5. Carbohydrates
• What is the difference between an element, an ion, and a compound?

  An element is a pure substance, an ion is charged, and a compound is made of two or more elements.

  
• What defines organic compounds?

  Organic compounds always contain carbon and hydrogen.
• What is the significance of water to life on Earth?

  Water is essential as all biochemical reactions take place in aqueous solutions.
• What are the building blocks of all substances?

  Atoms of elements
• How are molecules formed?

  Molecules are formed from two or more atoms.
• What happens if the atoms in a molecule are the same?

  The molecule is that of an element.
• What is the difference between ions and molecules?

  Ions are charged, while molecules can be neutral or polar.
• What are the two types of charge ions can have?

  Positively charged and negatively charged
• What is a glycosidic bond?

  A glycosidic bond is formed by a condensation reaction between two monosaccharides.

  
• What is the general formula for monosaccharides?

  The general formula is $C_nH_{2n}O_n$.
• Which sugars are examples of hexose sugars?

  Glucose, galactose, and fructose
• What are structural isomers?

  Molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms.
• What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

  Alpha glucose has the hydroxyl group below carbon 1, while beta glucose has it above.

  
• What is the role of calcium in the human body?

  Calcium strengthens teeth, bones, and nerves.
• What is the function of phosphorus in the human body?

  Phosphorus is present in cell membranes, ATP, and nucleic acids.
• What percentage of the human body mass is made up of oxygen?

  65%
• What is the significance of water being a polar molecule?

  It allows water to form hydrogen bonds and dissolve many substances.

  
• What are the properties of water that are significant for life?

  • Ice is less dense than water, insulating aquatic habitats.
  • Water is liquid at most temperatures on Earth.
  • Water is colorless and transparent, allowing light for photosynthesis.
  • High surface tension supports small organisms.
  • High specific heat capacity stabilizes temperatures in cells.
  • High latent heat of vaporization aids in cooling.
  • Strong cohesive and adhesive properties assist in transpiration.
• What is the main function of carbohydrates?

  Carbohydrates provide energy and structural support.
• What are the two types of carbohydrates?

  Simple carbohydrates (monosaccharides and disaccharides) and complex carbohydrates (polysaccharides).
• What is the process of forming disaccharides from monosaccharides called?

  Condensation reaction
• What happens during the hydrolysis of a disaccharide?

  Water is added to break the glycosidic bond.

  
• What are the key concepts related to carbohydrates covered in the lesson objectives?

  • Structure of monosaccharides
  • Structural isomers
  • Formation of disaccharides
  • Polysaccharides as long chains of monosaccharides
  • Relationship between structure and function
  • Testing for different types of carbohydrates

  
• What is the formula for glucose?

  C$_6$H$_{12}$O$_6$
• What is the significance of the hydroxyl group in carbohydrates?

  The hydroxyl group affects the solubility and reactivity of carbohydrates.
• What is the bond formed between two monosaccharides called?

  Glycosidic bond

  
• What is the role of lipids in the human body?

  Lipids store energy and provide insulation.
• What is the main function of proteins?

  Proteins are essential for structure, function, and regulation of the body's tissues and organs.
• What are amino acids?

  Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins.
• What is a peptide bond?

  A peptide bond is the bond formed between amino acids in a protein.

  
• What are the key components of the lesson on proteins?

  • Structure and function of amino acids
  • Formation of peptide bonds

  
• What are disaccharides formed from?

  Two monosaccharide units
• How are disaccharides formed?

  By a condensation reaction involving the loss of water
• What is the bond formed between two monosaccharides called?

  A glycosidic bond

  
• How can a glycosidic bond be broken?

  By the chemical insertion of water
• What determines the name of a glycosidic bond?

  Whether the bond lies above or below the carbon atom and the carbon atom numbers
• In maltose, where does the glycosidic bond lie?

  Below C1 and water is lost from C1 on one glucose and C4 on the other