UNIT 1

• biopsychosocial model - health + illness outcomes determined by the interaction of: factors

  • biological
  • psychological
  • social
• biological factors

  • body + system functioning
  • physiological factors - genetics, brain func
• psychological facors

  • cognitive processes - learning
  • thought processes - beleif
• social factors

  • interactions with external environemnt
  • surrounding behaviours
• neurotypicality - individuals displaying typical neurological development in their patterns of thought and behaviour
• neurotypicality

  • emotional - competence
  • behavioural - norms
  • cognitive - reasoning
• behaviour criteria

  • cultural perspectives
  • social norms
  • statistical rarity
  • personal distress
  • maladaptive behaviour
• maladaptive behaviour - emotional

  • overly intensifying, misaligning emotions
• maladaptive behaviour - behavioural

  • avoidance
  • abuse
• maladaptive behaviour - cognitive

  • distorted thoughts
  • catastrofying
• maladaptive behaviour - potentially harmful behaviourn that prevents one from meeting the demands of everyday living
• adaptive behaviour - allows one to meet and respond effectively to the demands of everyday living
• adaptive behaviour - emotional

  • experiecning approporiate levels of emotions
• adaptive behaviour - behavioural

  • help meet goals effectively
• adaptive behaviour - cognitive

  • realistic thoughts
• frontal lobe

  • motor function
  • higher cognitive skills - integrate info, meaning
  • emotional response
• parietal lobe

  • process bodily sensations
  • determine object awareness
  • coordinate movement
• occipital lobe

  • register + process visual info
  • assembles visual info into whole
• temporal lobe

  • register + process auditory info
  • language
  • face perception
• neurons communicate using electrical impulses + chemicals to transmit info
• dendrites

  • receive messages from other neurons
  • transmit messages inwards towards soma for processing
• soma - cell body connects to dendrites
• axons - thin fibres, carrying messages in form of electrical impulses away from soma

  • some coated in myelin - protection, speed
  • branches out into axon terminals
• axon terminals - link dendrites with other neurons
• adaptive plasticity - brain neurons growing new connections between synapes to suit the environmental conditions
• adaptive plasticity occurs

  • learning something new
  • relearning after brain injury
• adaptive plasticity

  • sprouting
  • rerouting
• sprouting - the generation of additional branches (axon terminals or dendrites) to create new connections with other active neurons
• rerouting - undamaged neuron that has lost connection with a damaged neuron connecting with another neuron, creating an alternate pathway between active neurons where communication can be reestablished
• neuroplasticity - nervous systems ability to change its structure + func as the result of

  • experience
  • in repsonse to injury
• neuroplasticity

  • link between dendrites + neurons allows impulses to pass from neuron to neuron
  • axon terminals do not touch the dendrites of another neuron
  • synaptic gap exists
  • when action potential reaches axon terminals, they respond to electrical impulse by producing neurotransmitters
  • neurotransmitters release and move accross synaptic gap to be received by next neuron
  • dendrite converts chemical message into electrical impulse
  • electrical impulse travels to soma enabling message to be passed
• acquired brain injury - brain damage that occurs after birth, damages brain cells and causes dysfunction
• acquired brain injury

  • traumatic - external force: fall
  • non-traumatic - internal force: stroke
• frontal lobe damage

  • difficulty - decisions, planning, organisation
  • memory loss
  • speech difficulty
• parietal lobe damage

  • loss of sensation in a body area
  • difficulty navigating space
  • right lobe - spatial neglect
• occipital lobe damage

  • visual impairment
  • blind spots
• temporal lobe damage

  • left: loss of memory - verbal materal
  • right: loss of memory - non-verbal material
  • disturbs auditory sensation, perception
• ABI symptoms - biological

  • headaches
  • loss of motor skills
  • sleep disturbance
• ABI symptoms - psychological COGNITIVE

  • difficulty: processing info, planning, organisation
  • loss of attention
  • difficulty understanding langauge
• ABI symptoms - psychological EMOTIONAL

  • increased aggression, anxiety
  • fulled emotion
  • mood swings