Cognitive

• What is the first task mentioned in the study material?

  Calculate the mean for the given data-set.
• What is one role of the unconscious according to the psychodynamic approach?

  It influences behavior and thoughts without conscious awareness.
• What is a Freudian defense mechanism?

  Repression.
• How does repression affect behavior?

  It causes individuals to push distressing thoughts out of conscious awareness.
• How do cognitive psychologists study internal mental processes?

  They study them indirectly by making inferences based on behavior.
• What are schemas?

  Schemas are packages of information developed through experience.
• How do schemas function in cognitive processing?

  They act as a mental framework for interpreting incoming information.
• What is an example of a simple motor schema in babies?

  Sucking and grasping.
• How do schemas develop as we age?

  They become more detailed and sophisticated.
• What is the significance of schemas in daily life?

  • Help interpret vast amounts of information
  • Prevent over-stimulation from daily stimuli
  • Can lead to incorrect interpretations occasionally
• What is the sequence of actions in the schema for going to a restaurant?

  Arrive, wait, order, eat, pay, leave.
• What did Bruner and Minturn (1955) demonstrate about perception?

  Expectations influence perception based on context.
• What is the information processing approach in cognitive psychology?

  It suggests information flows through stages of input, storage, and retrieval.
• What is the Multi-Store Model of memory?

  It describes the flow of information through sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory.
• Who proposed the Multi-Store Model (MSM) of memory?

  Atkinson and Shiffrin (1968).
• What do computer models in cognitive psychology refer to?

  Programs that imitate human mental processes.
• What is cognitive neuroscience?

  The scientific study of the influence of brain structures on mental processes.
• How has brain scanning technology advanced cognitive neuroscience?

  It allows scientists to describe the neurological basis of mental processing.
• What did Tulving et al. (1994) link to the prefrontal cortex?

  Episodic and semantic memories.
• What is one strength of the cognitive approach?

  It uses scientific and objective methods.
• How has the cognitive approach been applied in everyday life?

  It has been used in artificial intelligence and treatment of depression.
• What is a limitation of the cognitive approach?

  It is based on machine reductionism.
• Why is machine reductionism a concern in the cognitive approach?

  It overlooks the influence of emotion and motivation on recall accuracy.