key thinkers

• Johann Gottfried von herder had written heavily on culturalism.
• Herder claimed the word 'volksgeist' which meant the unique spirit of each nation. He believed that no culture was the same and each was valuable
• culturalism is concerned with protecting one culture instead of statehood. Example is wales compared to Scotland
• Patriotism = having an emotional connection to a nation, a feeling of loyalty and pride in your country
• chauvinistic nationalism are those who believe that their nation is superior to other nations. This can lead them to be racialist
• racialism = is the belief that ones race has certain characteristics that make it superior or inferior. This normally lads to racial hierarchy an segregation
• Hitler was an example of racialism. In that he believed that history was the struggle of races. He divided races into 3 groups the founders, bearers and destroyers of culture. He was an expansionists nationalist by believing the Germans were founders and therefore superior to the destroyers of culture - black, gypies and jews
• Marcus Garvey - a black nationalist (or colonial nationalist)

  Advocated for Africans - with his dream being that there will one day be united states of Africa. Encouraged Black pride and racial separatism would could suggest that he believes in the exclusivity of each nation.
• Charles Maurras - Exapanionst nationalist

  " A true nationalist places his country above everything"

  He strongly rejects individualism but instead advocated for integral nationalism. He believed that individualism is what led to the French revolution. Also in support of militarism
• Jean-Jaques Rousseau - Liberal nationalist

  Famously another odd social contract. They believe that the state can only be legitimate with active participation of its citizens.

  The role of the government was to enforce the law not give it.

  Agreed with self determination and civic nationalism
• Giuseppe Mazzini - all of the above

  Believed that true freedom come with nations. Individual freedom therefore rested on one's state.

  Nationalism takes precedence over causes, believing patriotism to be a divine duty and nations were created by God. -' Dio epoplo '

  Government were a partnership between people towards a single aim