Research Methods-Observations

• What are the two types of observations in research methods?

  Controlled and Naturalistic
• How does a naturalistic observation differ from a controlled observation?

  A naturalistic observation studies behavior in a natural situation, while a controlled observation manipulates variables.
• What is the role of the observer in participant and non-participant observations?

  A non-participant observer watches behavior without involvement, while a participant observer engages in the behavior being studied.
• What is the difference between overt and covert observations?

  In overt observations, participants know they are being observed, while in covert observations, they do not.
• What ethical concerns can arise from covert observations?

  Covert observations can lead to deception if participants are unaware they are being observed.
• What are direct observations?

  Direct observations involve watching and recording behavior first-hand.
• What is an example of indirect observation?

  Observing TV advertisements or newspaper articles is an example of indirect observation.
• How do structured observations differ from unstructured observations?

  Structured observations use coding schemes for quantitative data, while unstructured observations record behavior without predefined categories to collect qualitative data
• What is a key advantage of observational methods?

  High ecological validity helps identify actual behavior.
• What is a disadvantage of observational methods?

  Observer bias can lead to unreliable data.
• What are the advantages and disadvantages of observational methods?

  Advantages:

  • High ecological validity
  • Useful for new areas of investigation
  • Capture spontaneous events

  
  

  Disadvantages:

  • Observer bias
  • Poorly designed checklists reduce reliability
  • Ethical issues with undisclosed observations
  • Limited insight into thoughts and feelings
• What is the purpose of coding schemes in structured observations?

  Coding schemes categorize behaviors for systematic recording and analysis.
• What is a key weakness of using coding schemes?

  Coding schemes provide a restricted view of behavior and may miss important actions.
• What are some recording mediums used in observational research?

  Written records, videotape, and audiotape.
• How does a coding frame assist in observational research?

  A coding frame simplifies recording behavioral categories and allows for additional variables to be noted.
• What is time sampling in observational research?

  Time sampling involves observing behavior at fixed time intervals.
• What is event sampling in observational research?

  Event sampling records a complete event each time it occurs.
• What does reliability refer to in observational research?

  Reliability refers to the consistency of measurements in observations.
• How can validity be ensured in observational research?

  Using multiple observers and averaging data can enhance validity.
• What is observer bias and how does it affect validity?

  Observer bias occurs when expectations influence what is observed, reducing the validity of findings.
• What is the double-blind technique in observational research?

  The double-blind technique keeps observers unaware of the research aims to prevent bias.
• What is the distinction between qualitative and quantitative data in observational methods?

  Qualitative data provides in-depth insights, while quantitative data offers numerical measurements.
• Why are ethical considerations important in research methods?

  Ethical considerations ensure the protection of participants' rights and well-being during research.
• How does technology enhance observational research?

  Technology helps record behavior accurately and allows for detailed analysis of observations.
• What is the significance of operational definitions in coding frames?

  Operational definitions clarify behavioral categories to ensure consistent observations.
• How does sample size impact the reliability of observational findings?

  A larger sample size generally increases the reliability of observational findings.
• What is the relationship between observer training and data reliability?

  Well-trained observers are more likely to produce reliable and consistent data.
• What are the implications of missing data in observational studies?

  Missing data can lead to incomplete findings and reduce the overall validity of the research.
• How can cultural factors influence observational research outcomes?

  Cultural factors can affect behavior and perceptions, impacting the interpretation of observations.