URINARY SYSTEM

• urinary system is also called as the excretory system
• excreting urine (a filtered substance from the kidneys)
• if the kidneys fail to function, these other excretory organs cannot adequately compensate
• organs of the urinary system

  • kidney
  • ureter
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
• urinary tract infection

  infected with pathogen (bacetria, fungi, parasites, and viruses)
• bacteria causing UTI

  • staphylococcus
  • saprophyticus
  • escherichia coli
• kidney stones


  accumulation of salt forming stones
• factors on acquiring UTI

  females

  • holding back urine
  • wrong sanitation

  males

  • during bowel movement make sure that the penis doesn't touch the toilet bowl
• women are more prone to UTI because of having a smaller urethra
• kidneys

  are retroperitoneal (area outside of peritoneum: a serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity) and are located on each side of the vertebral column near the psoas major muscles
• • each kidney is surrounded by an outer layer of connective tissue, called the renal capsule. surrounding the outside of the capsule is a thick layer of adipose tissue, which cushions and protects the kidneys
  • a thin layer of connective tissue called the renal fascia, surrounds the adipose tissue and help anchor the kidneys to the abdominal wall
• adrenal gland 


  produce hormones that help regulate your metabolism, immune system, blood pressure, and response to stress.
• adrenal medulla


  • inner layer of the adrenal gland
  • releases stress hormones (cortisol and catecholamines)
• also released by the adrenal medulla but not primarily

  • epinephrine
  • norepinephrine
• adrenal cortex


  • outer layer of the adrenal gland
  • produces steroid hormones (glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, adrenal androgen)
• both medulla and cortex functions to release hormones
• two major regions of the kidneys


  • adrenal cortex
  • adrenal inner medulla
• the medulla is composed of many cone-shaped structures called renal pyramids, whose bases project into the cortex. these projections are called medullary rays
• between the renal pyramids and their medullary rays, there are extensions of cortical tissue toward the medulla, called renal columns.
• What do the tips of the pyramids in the kidney point toward?

  The renal sinus
• What is collected in the renal sinus for movement to the bladder?

  Urine
• What is the name of the small, funnel-shaped chamber surrounding the tip of the renal papilla?

  Minor calyx
• What happens to urine after it leaves a renal papilla?

  It empties into a minor calyx
• What do several minor calyces empty into?

  A major calyx
• How many minor calyces converge to form major calyces in each kidney?

  Between 8 and 20
• What is the name of the enlarged, funnel-shaped chamber that urine empties into from the major calyces?

  Renal pelvis
• Where is the renal pelvis located?

  It is embedded in and surrounded by the renal sinus
• What does the renal pelvis narrow to form at the hilum?

  The ureter
• What is the function of the ureter?

  To transport urine to the bladder
• What is the pathway of urine from the renal papilla to the bladder?

  1. Urine leaves the renal papilla.
  2. Enters the minor calyx.
  3. Several minor calyces converge into a major calyx.
  4. Urine empties into the renal pelvis.
  5. Moves into the ureter.
  6. Transported to the bladder.
• nephron


  the histological and functional unit of the kidney
• the nephron removes urea, uric acid, creatinine, excess sodium, chloride, potassium ions, and ketone bodies from the blood
• there are approx. 1.3 million nephrons in each kidney
• renal corpuscle


  filters the blood
• proximal convoluted tubule


  returns the filtered substance
• loop of Henle


  conserves water and solutes
• distal convoluted tubule


  rids the blood of additional wastes
• What are the two types of nephrons in the kidney?

  Juxtamedullary and cortical nephrons
• Where are the renal corpuscles of juxtamedullary nephrons located?

  Near the medulla
• What is the characteristic feature of the loops of Henle in juxtamedullary nephrons?

  They are long and extend deep into the medulla