Davie 2013: Religion is no longer inherited or imposed but has moved from obligation to consumption
Believing Without Belonging: Religion is not declining but becoming privatised. People are becoming more reluctant to belong to organisations but people still hold religious beliefs.
'Vicarious Religion': religion practised by an active minority on behalf of the majority who experience religion second hand
Vicarious religion particularly present in Britain and Northern Europe where there are low levels of attendance but identity is still linked to religion
In Europe, major churches have become a sort of 'spiritual health service' that are used when one needs them. For baptisms etc and major national occasions like the death of the Queen
secularisation theory assumes that modernisation affects every society in the same way. Instead there are 'multiple modernities'
