Neither Believing Nor Belonging

• Voas and Crockett 2005: Disregard Davie's claim that there is more believing than belonging. Instead, they believe that both believing and belonging are declining
• Bruce 2011: if people are not investing time in belonging - their strength of belief is declining. When people no longer want to belong, they no longer want to believe.
• Census 2011: 63% of people identify as Christian despite only 5% attend church supporting the believing without belonging
• Day 2007: used interviews with self described Christians. However, they did not mention God. Instead, their reasons for their identity came from them belonging to a White English group
• Day 2007: describing themselves as Christian was a non-religious marker or their ethnic or national identity