Obedience

• What are the two main explanations for obedience according to the study material?

  Agentic state and legitimacy of authority
• What is the primary aim of Milgram's (1963) research?

  To investigate whether ordinary people would obey an unjust order from an authority figure
• How many male participants were involved in Milgram's study?

  40 male participants
• What was the payment given to participants in Milgram's study?

  $4.50
• In Milgram's experiment, what role was the real participant assigned?

  The role of 'teacher'
• What was the maximum voltage administered in Milgram's experiment?

  450 volts
• What happened at 300 volts during the experiment?

  The learner banged on the wall and complained
• What percentage of participants administered the full 450 volts in Milgram's study?

  65%
• What ethical guideline did Milgram's study breach?

  Participants were deceived about the nature of the study
• What signs of distress did participants show during Milgram's experiment?

  Sweating, stuttering, and trembling
• Why does Milgram's study lack ecological validity?

  It was conducted in a laboratory setting, not real-life situations
• How did Milgram counter the criticism of ecological validity?

  By citing Hofling et al.'s study on nurses' obedience
• What is a methodological criticism of Milgram's study regarding population validity?

  It used a biased sample of male American volunteers
• What did Orne and Holland (1968) suggest about the internal validity of Milgram's study?

  Participants may not have believed the shocks were real
• What is the agentic state in the context of obedience?

  When an individual carries out orders from an authority figure with reduced personal responsibility
• What is the "agentic shift"?

  The transition from autonomy to agency when following orders
• In Milgram's variation, what happened when an additional confederate administered the shocks?

  The percentage of participants administering full shocks rose to 92.5%
• How did the location of the experiment affect obedience levels?

  Obedience dropped from 65% to 47.5% in a rundown building
• What effect did the experimenter's uniform have on obedience levels?

  Obedience dropped from 65% to 20% when the experimenter was in ordinary clothes
• What did Blass and Schmitt (2001) find regarding responsibility in Milgram's study?

  Students attributed responsibility for harm to the experimenter
• How did cultural differences affect obedience in Milgram's study?

  Different cultures showed varying levels of obedience to authority figures
• What did Bickman (1974) find regarding uniforms and obedience?

  People were more likely to obey a request from someone in a security guard uniform
• What is a strength of Milgram's methodological approach?

  It had high reliability due to systematic variable changes
• What approach do explanations of obedience adopt?

  A nomothetic approach to provide general principles of human behavior
• What bias is present in Milgram's original sample?

  It shows a beta bias by only using male participants
• What are the situational variables affecting obedience according to Milgram's study?

  • Proximity
  • Location
  • Uniform
• What are the ethical criticisms of Milgram's study?

  • Deception about the study's purpose
  • Lack of protection from psychological harm
  • Rigging of role allocation
• What are the methodological criticisms of Milgram's study?

  • Lack of ecological validity
  • Lack of population validity
  • Criticism of internal validity
• What are the strengths of Milgram's findings on obedience?

  • High reliability due to controlled variables
  • Research support for agentic state and situational variables
  • Cross-cultural comparisons highlight societal differences
• What is the primary aim of Milgram's (1963) research?

  To investigate whether ordinary people would obey an unjust order from an authority figure
• How many male participants were involved in Milgram's study?

  40 male participants
• What are the two main explanations for obedience according to the study material?

  Agentic state and legitimacy of authority
• What was the payment given to participants in Milgram's study?

  $4.50
• What role did the real participant always receive in Milgram's study?

  The role of 'teacher'
• What was the maximum voltage administered in Milgram's experiment?

  450 volts
• What happened at 300 volts during the experiment?

  The learner would bang on the wall and complain
• What was the conclusion of Milgram's study?

  Ordinary people will obey unjust orders from a legitimate authority figure under the right circumstances
• What ethical guideline did Milgram's study breach?

  Deception of participants regarding the true nature of the study
• What is one criticism regarding the ecological validity of Milgram's study?

  It was conducted in a laboratory setting, which differs from real-life situations of obedience
• How did Milgram counter the criticism of ecological validity?

  He argued that the laboratory reflects wider authority relationships in real life