B1

• What do microscopes allow us to see?


  Objects too small to view with our own eyes
• What are the main components of a microscope?

  An eyepiece lens and an objective lens
• What does magnification refer to?

  How much larger an image is compared to its actual size
• What does a magnification of x10 mean?

  The image is 10 times larger than the actual object
• What does resolution refer to in microscopy?


  How clear the image is and the smallest distance at which two different points appear distinct
• How is magnification altered in a microscope?

  By changing the lens
• How is resolution altered in a microscope?

  By using the focus wheels
• What do electron microscopes use to produce images?

  A beam of electrons
• How do electron microscopes compare to traditional light microscopes?

  They produce a more magnified image and have higher resolution
• What type of cells do electron microscopes not view?

  Living cells
• What are eukaryotic cells?

  Cells that include plants and animal cells
• What are the main components of eukaryotic cells?

  Nucleus, cytoplasm, cell membrane, mitochondria, and ribosomes
• What additional components do plant cells have compared to animal cells?

  Chloroplasts, vacuole, and cell walls
• What are prokaryotic cells?

  Cells that include bacteria and are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells
• What do prokaryotic cells lack compared to eukaryotic cells?

  A nucleus and mitochondria
• What is the composition of the cell wall in prokaryotic cells?

  It is not made from cellulose
• What structures do prokaryotic cells often have for movement and protection?

  Flagella and mucus layers
• What are the steps to prepare a sample tissue for microscopy?

  1. Cut the sample tissue as thin as possible
  2. Place it on a microscope slide
  3. Use a stain such as iodine to enhance visibility of cell organelles
  4. Place a cover slip on the slide ensuring no bubbles are formed
  5. Place the slide on the stage and select the lowest magnification
  6. Look through the eyepiece lens and use the focus wheels to bring the image into focus
  7. Increase the magnification by changing the objective lens and refocus the image
  8. Repeat until the highest magnification is achieved
• What is the formula for magnification?


  Magnification = image size / actual size
• What is the main reason cells become specialized in organisms?


  To perform a particular function effectively
• Why is it difficult to describe every specialized cell in organisms?


  Because each cell is specialized for a specific function
• What specialized animal cells should you know about?

  • Nerve cells
  • Muscle cells
  • Sperm cells
  • Egg cells
• What are the key features of nerve cells?


  Nerve cells are long, make many connections, and have a myelin sheath
• How does the myelin sheath benefit nerve cells?


  It speeds up the transmission of impulses
• What is the structure of muscle cells?

  Muscle cells are organized into fibers and contain special proteins
• What features do sperm cells have?


  Sperm cells have half the normal DNA, many mitochondria, and a tail
• What is unique about egg cells compared to sperm cells?


  Egg cells are larger and contain lots of nutrients for growth
• What is an example of another specialized cell mentioned in the material?


  Red Blood Cells
• What specialized plant cells should you know about?

  • Root hair cells
  • Palisade cells
  • Xylem cells
  • Phloem cells
• What is the function of root hair cells?


  They increase surface area to speed up absorption
• What do palisade cells contain that is essential for photosynthesis?


  They contain many chloroplasts
• What is the role of xylem cells in plants?


  Xylem cells form hollow tubes to carry water
• How do phloem cells assist in sugar transport?


  They have plates between them and companion cells
• What is diffusion?


  It is the movement of substances from high to low concentration
• How does diffusion relate to smelling food from a distance?


  It allows scent molecules to move from high concentration to low concentration
• How does diffusion facilitate gas exchange in the blood?


  Oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves through diffusion
• What role does diffusion play in neurotransmitter movement?


  It allows neurotransmitters to move across the synapse between nerve cells
• What is osmosis?


  Osmosis is how water moves into and out of cells.
• How does water move during osmosis?


  Water moves from a dilute to a concentrated solution through a semi-permeable membrane.
• What does "dilute" mean in the context of solutions?


  Dilute means there is a small amount of solute in the solution.