brain +neuropsych

• What is nervous system: complicated network of cells that pass information around the body
• What does the nervous system do: 1. Collects and respond to information in the environment 2. Control the body's organ and cells
• What is the nervous system divided into: Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
• What happens in the CNS: It is an area of the nervous system responsible for commands and decision-making. It processes incoming sensory information, coordinates this information, makes a decision about how the body should respond and then sends the instructions to the PNS to react
• What is the CNS divided into: the brain and spinal cord
• What is the structure and the function of the brain: The brain is divided into left and right hemispheres. Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of body .The brain is the centre of conscious awareness, and where decision making takes place
• What is the structure and function of the spinal cord: The spinal cord begins at the base of the brain and extends down the spine . The spinal cord carries incoming and outgoing messages to the brain
• What happens in the PNS: it connects the CNS to the rest of the body. It is the action side of the nervous system. It collects sensory information from our bodies/environment, sends it to the CNS, then enacts the instructions sent from the brain to react to the sensory information by controlling our muscles
• What is the PNS divided into: Somatic nervous system(SNS) and autonomic nervous system(ANS)
• What happens in ANS: it controls automatic processes and acts involuntary e.g heart rate
• What happens in the SNS: controls the voluntary movement of our muscles and organs . Sensory information is relayed to and from the CNS , and the movements are chosen in response. SOME MOVEMENTS ARE INVOLUNTARY CALLED REFLEXES
• What is the ANS further divided into? sympathetic and parasympathetic
• What happens in the sympathetic nervous systems: Flight or Fight.The sympathetic nervous system is activated when a person is in a state of physiological arousal .e.g breathing gets faster. It is an evolutionary response to deal with stressful situations
• What happens in the parasympathetic Nervous system: REST AND DIGEST. The parasympathetic nervous system is activated once the threat has passed. e.g breathing slow down. It only activates after the sympathetic nervous system has been activated to achieve homeostatasis
• what are the 4 stages in the flight or fight response: 1. Threat is detected 2. Adrenaline released 3. Flight or fight 4. After event
• What is first response in the flight or fight: The hypothalamus identifies a potential threat and instructs the sympathetic division of the ANS to act
• What is second response in the flight or fight: the excitatory hormone adrenaline is released from the adrenal gland and enters the bloodstream
• What is third response in the flight or fight: Adrenaline gives us the energy to either confront the threat (fight) or run away (flight)
• What is fourth response in the flight or fight: After the threat has passed , the parasympathetic division of the ANS kicks in returning body to homeostasis
• What is the James-Lange theory of emotion? it states that emotions come from our brain interpreting the physiological changes that occur following an event . It states that the physiological arousal happens earlier , then how we interpret this arousal determines our emotion
• what quote fits into James lange theory of emotion: We do not weep because we feel sorrow we feel sorrow because we weep- William James
• 4 core concepts in James- Lange theory: Event, Arousal, Interpretation and Emotion ( Eva Ate In the Evening )
• Event- James lange theory: a particular event from the environment is perceived as a threat by the hypothalamus and activates the sympathetic division of the ANS
• Arousal - James lange theory: Adrenaline is released , which leads to the physiological arousal associated with the flight or fight response - the body is now ready to attack or run away
• Interpretation -James Lange theory: It is now up to the brain to interpret what this arousal means - whether it is a threat , or just excitement
• Emotion- James Lange theory: Depending on how we interpret the stressor will affect our emotion e. fear
• what if we have no physical changes

  NO EMOTION.
• James -Lange strength #1: S-evidence from a real-world phobia

  C-heart rate will increase interpreting someone being scared

  W-emotion and avoidance in phobias happen in physiological arousal supporting theory
• James- Lange Weakness#1: X-challenged by other theories ,such as the Cannon - Bard theory

  C-CBT suggests that emotions and arousal occur at the same time e.g blushing when feeling embarrassed

  W- James lange theory cannot explain behaviors other theories can , lowering validity
• James -Lange Weakness #2: X- doesn't apply to people with muscle paralysis

  C- people with muscle paralysis can still experience emotion just not physiological arousal

  W- bad because it lowers the validity of the theory
• What is the function of the nucleus: Contains the genetic material (DNA) of each neuron
• What is the function of the soma: The cell body - contains the nucleus &is where summation occurs
• What is the function of Dendrite: Collects electricals signals from the axons of other neurons
• What is the function of an axon: Carries the electrical signal away from the soma - covered by the myelin sheath
• What is the function of the Myelin Sheath: Protects the axon & speeds up the electrical signal passing down it
• What is the function of Node of Ranvier: Gaps in the myelin sheath that allow electrical signals to jump down the axon
• What is the function of the terminal button: At the end of axons - communicate with dendrites through the synaptic cleft. In motor neurons -communicate with muscles to create the motor end plate
• What are the three different types of neurons: Sensory ,Relay , Motor
• What is the function of a sensory neuron: converting external stimuli from the senses into internal stimuli. The dendrites collect information from the PNS,and the axons pass on this information to the CNS at the spinal cord to later be interpreted by the brain
• What is the function of a relay neuron: Quickly transmits nerve impulses within the CNS . In the spinal cord, they relay information between the sensory and motor neurons , as the 2 do not directly