psychology: cognitive development

• What do schemas contain in cognitive psychology?

  Understanding of an object, person, or idea
• How are schemas developed?

  They are developed from experience
• What is assimilation in cognitive development?

  Interpreting new experiences based on existing schemas
• What does accommodation involve?

  Adjusting existing schemas or creating new ones for new information
• What is cognitive development?

  The development of mental processes like thinking and reasoning
• When does cognitive development particularly concern us?

  During childhood
• What is equilibrium in cognitive development?

  When new information is integrated into existing understanding
• What is object permanence?

  The ability to recognize that an object still exists when out of sight
• At what age did Piaget believe object permanence starts?

  Around 8 months
• What is conservation in cognitive development?

  The ability to recognize that quantity remains the same despite changes in appearance
• What is egocentrism in children?

  The tendency to see the world only from their own point of view
• What does class inclusion refer to?

  Recognizing that classes of objects have subsets
• What is centration?

  Focusing on one characteristic while ignoring others
• What does interpsychological mean?

  Between people
• What does intrapsychological mean?

  Inside the child
• What is the zone of proximal development (ZPD)?

  The gap between a child's current and potential level of development
• What is scaffolding in education?

  The process of helping a learner cross the ZPD
• What does knowledge of the physical world refer to?

  The extent to which we understand how the physical world works
• What is violation of expectation research?

  An approach to investigate infant knowledge of the world
• What is social cognition?

  Mental processes used during social interactions
• What is perspective-taking?

  The ability to appreciate a social situation from others' viewpoints
• What is theory of mind?

  Understanding what other people are thinking and feeling
• What does ASD stand for?

  Autism Spectrum Disorder
• What are the three main areas of impairment in ASD?

  Empathy, social communication, and social imagination
• What was the purpose of the Sally-Anne study?

  To assess theory of mind in children
• What does the mirror neuron system relate to?

  It relates to understanding others' actions and intentions
• What is Piaget's theory of cognitive development primarily about?

  How children learn through active exploration of their environment
• What is the process of equilibration according to Piaget?

  A motivator for children’s learning to avoid disequilibrium
• What did Piaget believe about the children he studied?

  They were mainly educated, middle-class children
• What are the stages of Piaget's cognitive development?

  1. Sensorimotor stage (0–2 years)
  2. Pre-operational stage (2–7 years)
  3. Concrete operational stage (7–11 years)
  4. Formal operational stage (11+ years)
• What are Piaget's stages of intellectual development?

  Invariant and cross-cultural stages of cognitive development
• What characterizes the sensorimotor stage?

  Focus on physical sensations and basic physical coordination
• What do children learn during the sensorimotor stage?

  They learn to deliberately move their body and understand object permanence
• What did Piaget observe about object permanence in children?

  Children look for objects removed from sight after 8 months
• What did Bower and Wishart (1972) find regarding object permanence?

  Infants continued to look for objects after lights were turned out
• What is characteristic of the pre-operational stage?

  Children can use language but lack reasoning ability
• What is conservation in Piaget's experiments?

  Understanding that quantity remains constant despite changes in appearance
• How did Piaget demonstrate egocentrism in children?

  Through the three mountains task
• What did Piaget find about class inclusion in children?

  Children under seven struggle with recognizing subsets
• What did McGarrigle et al (1978) find regarding class inclusion?

  Children can recognize class inclusion when questions are age-appropriate