Opposition, resistance and conformity

• What is coordinated opposition?

  Planned and well organized resistance
• What characterizes non-conformist opposition?

  Refusing to follow rules
• How is covert opposition defined?

  Secretly carried out resistance
• What is overt opposition?

  Openly carried out resistance
• What were the main attempts of opposition to the Nazis?

  • White Rose: Hans and Sophie Schott produced anti-Nazi leaflets.
  • Swing Youth: Teenagers organized illegal dances and listened to banned music.
  • Edelweiss Pirates: Teenagers rebelled against Hitler Youth with American style clothes and anti-Nazi songs.
  • Protestant Church: Martin Niemoller set up the Pastor Emergency League to oppose the Reich Church.
• Who were the key figures in the White Rose movement?

  Hans and Sophie Schott
• What actions did the White Rose take against the Nazi regime?

  They produced anti-Nazi leaflets as a form of passive resistance
• What happened to the members of the White Rose?

  They were arrested, tortured, and executed
• What was the Swing Youth known for?

  Listening to banned music and organizing illegal dances
• How many people attended the illegal dances organized by the Swing Youth?

  Up to 6,000 people
• What was Himmler's response to the Swing Youth's activities?

  He said those who listen to Jazz should be beaten and put to hard labor
• Who were the Edelweiss Pirates?

  Groups of teenagers opposing the strict military treatment of the Hitler Youth
• What symbol did the Edelweiss Pirates use to show their unity?

  The white edelweiss flower
• How did the Edelweiss Pirates rebel against the Hitler Youth?

  By wearing American style clothes, bullying Hitler Youth, and singing anti-Nazi songs
• Who set up the Pastor Emergency League?

  Martin Niemoller
• In what year was the Pastor Emergency League established?

  1933
• What was the purpose of the Pastor Emergency League?

  To oppose the Reich Church and support church leaders against the Nazis
• What happened to the pastors who opposed the Nazis?

  80 pastors were arrested and sent to concentration camps
• Why was there little successful opposition to the Nazis?

  Because they were ruthless in their methods of punishment and spread fear
• What was a significant factor that hindered opposition to the Nazis?

  The divisions among people willing to stop opposition at any point