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    • What are the two main groups that make up amino acids?
      The amino group and the carboxyl group.
    • What does it mean for amino acids to be amphoteric?
      They can act as both acids and bases.
    • What is the exception among amino acids regarding chirality?
      Glycine is not a chiral molecule.
    • What is an isoelectric point?
      It is the pH at which the overall charge of an amino acid is zero.
    • How do amino acids exist as zwitterions?
      They have both a positive and a negative charge in the same molecule.
    • What happens to the carboxylate ion at a low pH?
      It receives a proton and becomes a carboxylic acid.
    • What occurs at a high pH regarding the amino group?
      The amino group loses a proton and becomes an amine.
    • What technique is used to identify amino acids in a mixture?
      Thin layer chromatography (TLC).
    • What is the role of the solvent in thin layer chromatography?
      The solvent helps to dissolve the amino acids and carry them up the plate.
    • What must be done to visualize amino acids on the chromatogram?
      A dye or UV light is used to make the spots visible.
    • How does iodine help in identifying amino acids on the chromatogram?
      Iodine vapor adheres to the amino acid spots, making them visible.
    • What is the purpose of calculating RF values in chromatography?
      To identify amino acids by comparing their RF values to known substances.
    • What factors must match when comparing RF values for amino acid identification?
      The temperature, solvent used, and TLC plate composition must match.
    • What are proteins made of?
      Proteins are polymers made up of amino acids.
    • What type of polymerization occurs when forming proteins?
      Condensation polymerization.
    • What is released during the condensation polymerization of amino acids?
      Water is released.
    • What is hydrolysis in the context of proteins?
      It is the process of breaking down proteins into amino acids using water.
    • What conditions are required for hydrolysis of proteins?
      Six molar HCl, 110 degrees Celsius, and reflux for 24 hours.
    • What is a dipeptide?
      A dipeptide is formed from two amino acids linked by a peptide bond.
    • What happens to the peptide link during hydrolysis?
      The peptide link is broken to release individual amino acids.
    • What is the significance of the carboxylic acid and amine groups in a dipeptide?
      They are present at either end of the dipeptide molecule.
    • What concentration of HCl is required for the reaction described?
      Six molar HCl
    • At what temperature must the reaction be conducted?
      110 degrees Celsius
    • How long must the reaction be done under reflux?
      24 hours
    • What happens to the peptide link during the process described?
      The bond in the middle of the peptide link is broken
    • What do we add to the peptide link to form a carboxylic acid?
      OH (hydroxide)
    • What do we add to the peptide link to form an amine?
      H (hydrogen)
    • What are the three types of protein structures discussed?
      • Primary structure
      • Secondary structure
      • Tertiary structure
    • What is the primary structure of a protein?
      The individual sequence of amino acids that make up the protein
    • What is another name for a protein chain?
      Polypeptide chain
    • What type of bonds exist in the secondary structure of proteins?
      Hydrogen bonds
    • What are the two types of secondary structures in proteins?
      Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets
    • What characterizes the tertiary structure of a protein?
      The coiled structure twists and turns into a unique shape
    • What types of bonds hold the tertiary structure of proteins together?
      Hydrogen bonds, disulfide bonds, ionic interactions, and instantaneous dipole-induced dipole forces
    • What is a disulfide bond in proteins?
      A bond formed between sulfur atoms from cysteine amino acids
    • How do hydrogen bonds contribute to protein structure?
      They stabilize the coiled and folded shapes of the protein
    • What effect do temperature and pH have on protein structure?
      They can change the shape of the protein by affecting bonds
    • How do hair straighteners work on hair, which is a type of protein?
      They break bonds in the protein structure to straighten the hair
    • What does DNA stand for?
      Deoxyribonucleic acid
    • What is DNA made up of?
      Monomers called nucleotides
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