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• What is optical isomerism a form of?

  Stereoisomerism
• What do optical isomers have in common?

  They have the same structural formula
• How do optical isomers differ from each other?

  They have different arrangements of atoms in space
• What is a chiral carbon atom?

  A carbon atom with four different groups attached
• What is a classic example of a chiral center?

  Human hands
• What are enantiomers?

  Optical isomers that are mirror images of each other
• What does non-superimposable mean in the context of optical isomers?

  They cannot be placed on top of each other to match perfectly
• How can you visually demonstrate that two hands are non-superimposable?

  By trying to overlap them without complete matching
• What is the first step in identifying a chiral center in a molecule?

  Find the carbon atom with four different groups surrounding it
• What is the tetrahedral shape associated with in chemistry?

  The arrangement of groups around a chiral carbon
• How do you represent enantiomers in a diagram?

  By drawing a mirror line between them
• What is plane polarized light?

  Light that oscillates in only one direction
• How do optically active isomers affect plane polarized light?

  They rotate the plane of polarized light
• What is the relationship between the rotation of plane polarized light and enantiomers?

  One enantiomer rotates it clockwise, the other counterclockwise
• What type of amino acids are mostly found in nature?

  L amino acids
• What is ascorbic acid commonly known as?

  Vitamin C
• What functional group do aldehydes and ketones contain?

  A carbonyl functional group
• Where is the carbonyl group located in aldehydes?

  At the end carbon of the molecule
• How do you name an aldehyde?

  By ending the name with "al"
• How do you name a ketone?

  By ending the name with "one"
• What is the difference in the position of the carbonyl group between aldehydes and ketones?

  Aldehydes have it at the end, ketones have it in the middle
• What functional group do aldehydes and ketones contain?

  Carbonyl functional group
• What is the main difference between aldehydes and ketones?

  The position of the carbonyl group
• What is the name of the aldehyde with three carbon atoms?

  Propanal
• What is the name of the ketone with three carbon atoms?

  Propanone
• How do you specify the position of the carbonyl group in longer carbon chains for ketones?

  By numbering the carbon chain and indicating the carbon number
• What is the functional group present in phenols?

  Hydroxyl group
• What is a benzene ring composed of?

  Six carbon atoms with a delocalized electron system
• What is the name of the compound formed when a methyl group is added to phenol?

  Two methylphenol
• What is salicylic acid used for?

  To make aspirin
• What defines a diol?

  A molecule with two hydroxyl groups
• How are diols named?

  By counting the carbons and assigning numbers to the hydroxyl groups
• What is the name of the diol with two hydroxyl groups on the same carbon?

  Ethan-1,1-diol
• What is the name of the diol with hydroxyl groups on the first and second carbons?

  Ethan-1,2-diol
• What is the name of the diol with hydroxyl groups on the second and third carbons?

  Butane-2,3-diol
• What are acid anhydrides made from?

  Two carboxylic acids
• What is the general formula for acid anhydrides?

  RCO2CO R
• How are acid anhydrides named?

  By removing "acid" from the carboxylic acid name and adding "anhydride"
• What is the name of the acid anhydride made from ethanoic and propanoic acids?

  Ethanoic propanoic anhydride
• How do you name an acid anhydride made from the same carboxylic acid?

  By naming it once followed by "anhydride"