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Week 9
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Cards (57)
What is the main topic of Week 9 in the study material?
Individual Differences
-
Personality
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What are the major approaches to studying personality?
Psychodynamics
Behaviourism
Social cognitive theory
Humanistic
Traits and
psychometric
theories
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How does Allport define personality?
As the dynamic organization within the individual of
psychophysical
systems determining
behavior
and
thought
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Why is it important to study personality?
To identify, assess, explain, and
predict
systematic
similarities
and differences in human behavior
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What are the two approaches to studying personality?
Ideographic
approach: Focuses on the uniqueness of individuals
Nomothetic
approach: Focuses on key dimensions shared by people
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Who is associated with the psychodynamic approach to personality?
Freud
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What are the three structures of personality according to Freud?
The
Id
, the
Ego
, and the
Superego
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What are defense mechanisms in the psychodynamic approach?
Coping styles used during moments of
anxiety
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What are the critiques of the psychodynamic approach?
Lack of
academic rigor
Lack of
empirical evidence
Based on a very specific set of cases
Theory is
unfalsifiable
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According to behaviorism, where does personality come from?
From the interaction between the individual and the
environment
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What does behaviorism focus on in personality studies?
Observable
stimulus-response
behaviors
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What are the critiques of behaviorism?
Low
ecological validity
Lack of explanation for
internal processes
Focus on
observable behavior
alone
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What does social cognitive theory emphasize?
Mental thought processes
and social learning
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What is the self-system in social cognitive theory?
A set of mental processes that
observes
,
evaluates
, and
regulates
behavior
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What are the critiques of social cognitive theory?
Assumes
environmental changes
always affect individuals
Lacks clarity on the
balance of person/behavior/environment
Disregards
biological predispositions
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What are the main focuses of the humanistic approach?
Free will
,
human values
, and
subjective
experience
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What is self-actualization according to Rogers?
A state of congruence between
ideal self
and
actual behavior
needed to reach
potential
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What are the critiques of the humanistic approach?
Untestable
concepts
Lack of
empirical
evidence
Ethnocentric
perspectives
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What trait model did Jung develop?
Two-factor model of
introversion/extroversion
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What do trait models assume about behavior?
That it is determined by
relatively stable traits
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What are the Big Five Personality Traits?
Openness to experience
Conscientiousness
Extraversion
Agreeableness
Neuroticism
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What does the acronym OCEAN stand for in personality traits?
Openness
,
Conscientiousness
,
Extraversion
,
Agreeableness
,
Neuroticism
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What adjectives describe people scoring high on openness?
Imaginative
,
creative
, and
curious
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What is conscientiousness positively associated with?
Longevity
,
educational attainment
,
job performance
, and
marital stability
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What are the characteristics of highly conscientious people?
Thorough
Hardworking
Responsible
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What are the characteristics of highly open people?
Seek
novelty
and
originality
Competent in recognizing
emotions
Attracted to other highly open
individuals
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What is the relationship between openness and political views?
Openness is positively associated with political
liberalism
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What adjectives describe people scoring low on openness?
Unsophisticated
,
unreflective
, and uninquisitive
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What is the relationship between conscientiousness and criminality?
Conscientiousness is
negatively
associated
with criminality
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What do highly conscientious people tend to feel when they fail to meet expectations?
Guilt
and
shame
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What is the significance of delaying gratification for highly conscientious people?
It helps them achieve
long-term
goals
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What are the implications of personality testing in education?
Helps in understanding
student behavior
Aids in tailoring educational approaches
Assists in predicting academic performance
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What are the potential benefits of understanding personality traits in teachers?
Predicts
performance
Enhances
teaching strategies
Improves
student-teacher
relationships
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What personality trait is characterized by seeking novelty and originality?
Openness
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How do highly open people relate to others?
They are primarily
attracted
to other highly
open
people.
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What adjectives describe highly conscientious people?
Thorough
,
hardworking
, and responsible
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What behaviors do highly conscientious people tend to exhibit?
They follow
social norms
and can delay
gratification
.
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What adjectives describe highly extraverted people?
Talkative
, bold, and energetic
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What is extraversion positively associated with?
Positive emotionality
and number of mates over a
lifetime
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How do highly extraverted people typically behave in social situations?
They strive for
interdependence
and create positive social environments.
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See all 57 cards
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