Week 9

    Cards (57)

    • What is the main topic of Week 9 in the study material?
      Individual Differences - Personality
    • What are the major approaches to studying personality?
      1. Psychodynamics
      2. Behaviourism
      3. Social cognitive theory
      4. Humanistic
      5. Traits and psychometric theories
    • How does Allport define personality?
      As the dynamic organization within the individual of psychophysical systems determining behavior and thought
    • Why is it important to study personality?
      To identify, assess, explain, and predict systematic similarities and differences in human behavior
    • What are the two approaches to studying personality?
      • Ideographic approach: Focuses on the uniqueness of individuals
      • Nomothetic approach: Focuses on key dimensions shared by people
    • Who is associated with the psychodynamic approach to personality?
      Freud
    • What are the three structures of personality according to Freud?
      The Id, the Ego, and the Superego
    • What are defense mechanisms in the psychodynamic approach?
      Coping styles used during moments of anxiety
    • What are the critiques of the psychodynamic approach?
      • Lack of academic rigor
      • Lack of empirical evidence
      • Based on a very specific set of cases
      • Theory is unfalsifiable
    • According to behaviorism, where does personality come from?
      From the interaction between the individual and the environment
    • What does behaviorism focus on in personality studies?
      Observable stimulus-response behaviors
    • What are the critiques of behaviorism?
      • Low ecological validity
      • Lack of explanation for internal processes
      • Focus on observable behavior alone
    • What does social cognitive theory emphasize?
      Mental thought processes and social learning
    • What is the self-system in social cognitive theory?
      A set of mental processes that observes, evaluates, and regulates behavior
    • What are the critiques of social cognitive theory?
      • Assumes environmental changes always affect individuals
      • Lacks clarity on the balance of person/behavior/environment
      • Disregards biological predispositions
    • What are the main focuses of the humanistic approach?
      Free will, human values, and subjective experience
    • What is self-actualization according to Rogers?
      A state of congruence between ideal self and actual behavior needed to reach potential
    • What are the critiques of the humanistic approach?
      • Untestable concepts
      • Lack of empirical evidence
      • Ethnocentric perspectives
    • What trait model did Jung develop?
      Two-factor model of introversion/extroversion
    • What do trait models assume about behavior?
      That it is determined by relatively stable traits
    • What are the Big Five Personality Traits?
      1. Openness to experience
      2. Conscientiousness
      3. Extraversion
      4. Agreeableness
      5. Neuroticism
    • What does the acronym OCEAN stand for in personality traits?
      Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
    • What adjectives describe people scoring high on openness?
      Imaginative, creative, and curious
    • What is conscientiousness positively associated with?
      Longevity, educational attainment, job performance, and marital stability
    • What are the characteristics of highly conscientious people?
      • Thorough
      • Hardworking
      • Responsible
    • What are the characteristics of highly open people?
      • Seek novelty and originality
      • Competent in recognizing emotions
      • Attracted to other highly open individuals
    • What is the relationship between openness and political views?
      Openness is positively associated with political liberalism
    • What adjectives describe people scoring low on openness?
      Unsophisticated, unreflective, and uninquisitive
    • What is the relationship between conscientiousness and criminality?
      Conscientiousness is negatively associated with criminality
    • What do highly conscientious people tend to feel when they fail to meet expectations?
      Guilt and shame
    • What is the significance of delaying gratification for highly conscientious people?
      It helps them achieve long-term goals
    • What are the implications of personality testing in education?
      • Helps in understanding student behavior
      • Aids in tailoring educational approaches
      • Assists in predicting academic performance
    • What are the potential benefits of understanding personality traits in teachers?
      • Predicts performance
      • Enhances teaching strategies
      • Improves student-teacher relationships
    • What personality trait is characterized by seeking novelty and originality?
      Openness
    • How do highly open people relate to others?
      They are primarily attracted to other highly open people.
    • What adjectives describe highly conscientious people?
      Thorough, hardworking, and responsible
    • What behaviors do highly conscientious people tend to exhibit?
      They follow social norms and can delay gratification.
    • What adjectives describe highly extraverted people?
      Talkative, bold, and energetic
    • What is extraversion positively associated with?
      Positive emotionality and number of mates over a lifetime
    • How do highly extraverted people typically behave in social situations?
      They strive for interdependence and create positive social environments.
    See similar decks