cardiovascular

• What are the three main parts of the cardiovascular system?

  The heart, blood vessels, and blood
• What are the four main functions of the cardiovascular system?

  • Deliver oxygen and nutrients
  • Remove waste products
  • Protection against disease and infection
  • Maintain body temperature
• What happens when the heart contracts?

  It pushes blood into blood vessels
• What does a blood pressure reading consist of?

  Two values: systolic and diastolic
• What is the systolic value in blood pressure?

  Blood pressure while the heart is squeezing
• What is the diastolic value in blood pressure?

  Blood pressure while the heart is relaxing
• What is the average blood pressure for an adult?

  120/80 mmHg
• What determines blood pressure?

  Cardiac output (Q) and resistance (R)
• What causes resistance to blood flow?

  Diameter of blood vessels and blood thickness
• What condition increases resistance to blood flow?

  Atherosclerosis
• What are the serious health implications of increased blood pressure?

  Chronic high blood pressure, angina, heart attack
• What is the primary function of the heart?

  To pump blood and circulate it
• How is the heart's performance assessed?

  By measuring cardiac output
• What is cardiac output?

  Amount of blood pumped per minute
• How is cardiac output calculated?

  By multiplying heart rate by stroke volume
• What is the average resting heart rate?

  Approximately 70 beats per minute
• What is stroke volume?

  Amount of blood pumped per contraction
• What is the average resting stroke volume?

  Approximately 70 ml
• What happens to stroke volume as fitness increases?

  It becomes larger
• What is the cardiac output at rest if HR is 70 and SV is 70?

  $4900 \text{ ml/min}$
• What is the cardiac output during exercise if HR is 180 and SV is 120?

  $21600 \text{ ml/min}$
• What is the formula for cardiac output?

  $Q =$$HR \times SV$
• What is the stroke volume at rest?

  70 to 90 millilitres
• What are the calculations for cardiac output at rest and during exercise?

  • At rest:
  • $Q =$$SV \times HR =$$70 \times 70 =$$4900 \text{ ml/min} =$$4.9 \text{ l/min}$
  • During exercise:
  • $Q =$$SV \times HR =$$120 \times 180 =$$21600 \text{ ml/min} =$$21.6 \text{ l/min}$