post 1948

• when was FEDSAW created and what was it?


  1954

  Federation of South African women
• what were the events of the defiance campaign?



  2 stages: local protest, breaking laws e.g not carrying passes

  : nationwide strikes and protests

  10,000 attended

  8,500 arrested
• when was the defiance campaign?


  june 1952 - april 1953
• what were the successes and failures of the defiance campaign?


  success: ANC membership grew - 4,000 -> 100,000

  : government was embarrassed

  : first major opposition movement

  failures: did not meet its aim to end apartheid

  : capped at embarrassing government

  :only had one large protest

  : 8,600 arrested + accused of being communist
• what was the effects of the defiance campaign?


  public safety act passed

  8,500 arrested

  the UN condemned South Africa and apartheid every year since
• when was the public safety act passed and what was it?


  1953

  the government could call a state of emergency at any point
• what was Sophiatown?


  a multi racial (grey) area
• what was the effect of the group areas act?


  60,000 black people had to relocate out of Sophiatown

  3.5 million minorities forcibly relocated from 1956-86
• what was the eiselen report?


  trigger for the bantu education act

  report made in 1949 which investigated black south african education and suggested improvements
• what improvements were suggested by the eiselen report?


  africans should be protected from white influence

  africans should only be taught the skills required to function as cheap labour (vocational skills)
• when was the bantu education act passed and what did it do?


  1953

  stopped subsidiaries for black church run missionary schools

  introduced a new vocational skills only curriculum
• what was the effect of the bantu education act?


  black south africans were not taught any intellectual skills

  26,000 new teaching roles were given to black south africans (only 10% were qualified)

  16x less funding on black schools than white schools

  8.99 rands : 63.99 rands - black student : white student
• 1950 laws:

  • suppression of communism act - organisations suspected of communism banned
  • group areas act - BSA's could be moved into 'black areas'
  • population registration act - defined each race to enable easier apartheid legislation
• when was the Bantu authorities act passed and what was it?

  1951

  the government could appoint tribal chiefs who ruled over tribal reserves

  the government could choose a leader and remove them if needed
• what was the pass laws act and when was it?

  1952

  pass books became nationwide

  BSA's were not allowed in urban areas for more than 70 hours and they could not get permanent residency unless they were born there, lived there for more than 15 years or had the same employer for more than 10 years
• 1953 laws:

  • public safety act
  • separate amenities act
  • criminal laws amendment act
  • native labour act
• what was the separate amenities act and what effect did it have on the apartheid regime?

  kept amenities separate for each race - e.g. benches, public toilets

  deepened petty apartheid
• what was the native labour act and what effect did it have on the apartheid regime?

  banned BSA's from forming trade unions which made it harder for Black workers to resist apartheid
• who was the leader of south africa from 1948-1954?

  DF Malan