Embryology

• What is the normal duration of pregnancy?

  280 days (40 weeks)
• What is considered a full-term pregnancy?

  Birth between W37 - W42
• What is a pre-term birth?

  Birth before W37
• What complications can arise from pre-term birth?

  Under-developed lungs and immune system
• What is a post-term birth?

  Birth after W42
• How does the risk of complications change with post-term birth?

  Increases significantly for mother and fetus
• What are the trimesters of pregnancy?

  • First trimester: W1-W13
  • Second trimester: W14-W27
  • Third trimester: W38-W41/42
• What is parturition?

  Process of giving birth
• What are the main stages of embryonic development?

  1. Cell Division
  2. Gametogenesis
  3. Ovulation
  4. Fertilization
  5. Implantation
  6. Bilaminar Germ Disc
  7. Trilaminar Germ Disc
  8. Folding of Embryo
  9. Embryonic Period & Somites

  10. Foetal Membranes

  11. Placenta

  12. Teratology & Birth Defects
• What are the two types of cell division?

  Mitosis and Meiosis
• What type of cells undergo mitosis?

  Somatic cells, spermatogonia, oogonia
• What is Meiosis I known as?

  Reduction division
• What is Meiosis II known as?

  Maturation division
• What is the diploid number of chromosomes?

  46 chromosomes
• What is the purpose of meiosis?

  To create haploid gametes
• What is a karyotype?

  Full chromosome set of a cell's nucleus
• What is a phenotype?

  Physical and biochemical makeup of an individual
• What are the steps of gametogenesis?

  1. Reduction of chromosome number from diploid (46) to haploid (23)
  2. Morphological changes to suit the purpose
• What are gametes?

  New organisms produced by sex cell fusion
• What are the male and female gametes called?

  Spermatozoon and secondary oocyte
• What is fertilization?

  Union of male and female gametes

  
• What is the zygote?

  The cell produced by fertilization
• How long does spermatogenesis take in humans?

  64-75 days
• What are spermatogonia?

  Stem cells that undergo mitosis

  
• What happens to primary spermatocytes during meiosis?

  They undergo Meiosis I
• What are the cells formed after Meiosis I called?

  Secondary spermatocytes

  
• What occurs during Meiosis II?

  Secondary spermatocytes form spermatids

  
• What is spermiogenesis?

  Maturation of spermatids into sperm

  
• What structures are formed during spermiogenesis?

  Acrosome, neck, middle piece, tail

  
• What role do Sertoli cells play in spermatogenesis?

  Nourish developing sperm and control rate

  
• What do Leydig cells secrete?

  Testosterone
• What are the three structures of a sperm cell?

  Head, midpiece, tail

  
• What is the diploid number of oocytes?

  46 chromosomes
• What happens to primary oocytes at birth?

  They are arrested at prophase Meiosis I
• What triggers ovulation?

  Increase in FSH and LH
• What is the corpus luteum?

  Structure formed from granulosa cells
• What hormone does the corpus luteum secrete?

  Progesterone
• What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

  It degenerates into corpus albicans

  
• What is the process of fertilization?

  Fusion of male and female gametes

  
• Where does fertilization typically occur?

  Ampullary region of uterine tube