ANATOMY

• What does the term 'anatomy' typically refer to?


  Gross or macroscopic anatomy
• Why is anatomy important in the practice of medicine?

  It forms the basis for the practice of medicine
• What are the two approaches to studying gross anatomy?

  Regional and systemic approaches
• What are the subdisciplines of anatomy?

  • Gross anatomy (macroscopic anatomy)
  • Histology (microscopic anatomy)
  • Embryology (developmental anatomy)
  • Neuroanatomy
• How does the regional approach to anatomy differ from the systemic approach?

  Regional approach studies each body region separately, while systemic approach studies each body system throughout the body
• What are the regions studied in regional anatomy?

  • Head & Neck
  • Upper Limbs
  • Lower Limbs
  • Trunk
  • Thorax & Back
  • Abdomen
  • Perineum & Pelvis

  
• What are the systems studied in systemic anatomy?

  • Skeletal System (Osteology)
  • Muscular System (Myology)
  • Nervous System (Neurology)
  • Circulatory System (Angiology)
  • Gastrointestinal System (Gastroenterology)
  • Respiratory System (Pulmonology)
  • Urinary System (Urology)
  • Reproductive System (Gynecology + Andrology)
  • Endocrine System (Endocrinology)
  • Integumentary System (Dermatology)
• What is clinical anatomy?

  It is the study of macroscopic structure and function of the body as it relates to medicine
• What is surface anatomy?

  It studies the surface projection of deeper structures and is important for physical examination
• What is the anatomical position?

  Standing erect with head, eyes, and toes directed forward
• Why is the anatomical position important?

  It ensures that anatomical descriptions are not ambiguous
• What are the anatomical planes of the body?

  • Sagittal Plane
  • Median Plane
  • Paramedian Plane
  • Coronal Plane (Frontal Plane)
  • Transverse Plane (Horizontal Plane)

  
• What is the median plane?

  A vertical plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves
• What is the coronal plane?

  A vertical plane at right angles to the median plane
• What is the transverse plane?

  A plane at right angles to a vertical plane dividing the body into superior and inferior parts
• What are the types of body sections?

  • Longitudinal sections
  • Transverse sections
  • Oblique sections
• What does the term 'anterior' refer to in gross anatomy?

  It refers to the front of the body
• What does the term 'posterior' refer to in gross anatomy?

  It refers to the back of the body
• What does 'superior' mean in anatomical terms?

  Toward the head or upper part of the body
• What does 'inferior' mean in anatomical terms?

  Toward the feet or lower part of the body
• What does 'medial' refer to?

  Toward the median plane of the body
• What does 'lateral' mean in anatomical terms?

  Farther away from the median plane
• What does 'rostral' mean?

  It refers to the anterior part of the body
• What does 'proximal' mean in anatomical terms?

  Nearest the trunk or point of origin
• What does 'distal' refer to?

  Farthest from the trunk or point of origin
• What does 'superficial' mean?

  Nearer to the surface
• What does 'profundus' or 'deep' refer to?

  Farther from the surface
• What does 'interior' mean in anatomical terms?

  Nearer to the center of an organ or cavity
• What does 'exterior' refer to?

  Farther from the center or outer part
• What does 'ipsilateral' mean?

  On the same side
• What does 'contralateral' mean?

  On opposite sides
• What are the terms used to describe the surfaces of the hand and foot?

  • Hand: Palmar & Dorsal surfaces
  • Foot: Plantar & Dorsal surfaces
• What is the supine position?

  It is lying on the back
• What is the prone position?

  It is lying face downward
• What are some examples of combined anatomical terms?

  • Inferolateral
  • Anteroinferior
  • Anterosuperior
  • Posteroinferior

  
• What is a joint?

  A site where two or more bones come together
• What are the types of joints based on movement?

  • No movement (e.g., sutures of the skull)
  • Slight movement (e.g., superior tibiofibular joint)
  • Freely movable (e.g., shoulder joint)

  
• What does 'flexion' mean in terms of movement?

  Bending or decreasing the angle between bones or parts of the body
• What does 'extension' refer to?

  Straightening of a bent or increasing the angle between bones
• What is dorsiflexion of the foot?

  Movement of the foot upwards towards the shin