Skeletal System

• How is the skeletal system divided?

  Into axial and appendicular skeletons

  
• What does the axial skeleton consist of?

  Skull, hyoid, ossicles, vertebrae, ribs, sternum

  
• What does the appendicular skeleton consist of?

  Upper and lower extremities, girdles
• Why do infants have more bones than adults?

  Infants have more bones due to fusion
• What is the skeleton of the head called?

  Skull
• What are the two parts of the skull?

  Neurocranium and viscerocranium
• How many bones form the neurocranium?

  8 bones
• Name the bones that form the neurocranium.

  Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid

  
• How many bones are in the viscerocranium?

  14 bones
• List the bones that make up the viscerocranium.

  Lacrimal, nasal, maxillae, zygomatic, palatine, inferior nasal conchae, vomer, mandible
• What are the different views from which the skull can be studied?

  • Anterior view (Norma frontalis)
  • Lateral view (Norma lateralis)
  • Posterior view (Norma occipitalis)
  • Superior view (Norma verticalis)
  • Inferior view (Norma basalis)

  
• What is the pterion?

  1. shaped suture uniting four skull bones
• What lies deep to the pterion?

  Anterior branch of middle meningeal artery

  
• What happens if the anterior branch of the middle meningeal artery is damaged?

  It can lead to an epidural hematoma
• What is the inion?

  The most prominent median point on the skull
• What is the lambda?

  Junction of sagittal and lambdoid sutures
• What is the external occipital protuberance also known as?

  Inion
• What does the external occipital crest do?

  Descends from the inion towards the foramen magnum
• What does the superior nuchal line extend from?

  Ext. occipital protuberance
• What is the highest nuchal line?

  About 1 cm above the superior nuchal line
• What is the coronal suture?

  Separates the frontal and parietal bones

  
• What is the sagittal suture?

  Separates the parietal bones

  
• What is the lambdoid suture?

  Separates the parietal from occipital bone

  
• What is the bregma?

  Intersection of sagittal and coronal sutures
• What is the vertex?

  The most superior point of the skull
• What does the norma basalis identify?

  External aspects of the skull's base
• What forms the hard palate?

  Maxillae and palatine bones
• What are fontanelles?

  Membranous intervals between skull bones
• What is the largest fontanelle?

  Anterior fontanelle
• What clinical importance do fontanelles have?

  • Assess growth of frontal and parietal bones
  • Determine hydration level in infants
  • Monitor intracranial pressure
  • Site for fluid infusion and blood sampling
  • Closure timing indicates potential issues
• When does the anterior fontanelle close?

  By 18 months
• When does the posterior fontanelle close?

  By 2-3 months
• When do sphenoidal fontanelles close?

  By 2-3 months
• When do mastoidal fontanelles close?

  By 12 months
• How many vertebrae are in the adult vertebral column?

  26 vertebrae
• How many individual vertebrae are there?

  24 individual vertebrae
• What are the types of vertebrae in the adult vertebral column?

  7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar
• What is the sacrum formed from?

  5 fused vertebrae
• What does the coccyx consist of?

  1. 5 fused vertebrae

  
• What is the function of the typical vertebrae's body?

  Weight bearing