-MRS: direct guarding (more vigilance over partners behaviour e.g., keeping tabs on location) & negative inducements (issuing threats with dire consequences e.g., death)
Wilson et al: women who reported MRS in their partner = 2x more likely to have experienced physical violence from partner
Campbell (1999): females with offspring = motivated to be less aggressive as these behaviours can risk hers & offsprings life
-more adaptive strategy for females = verbal aggression, retains a partner who will provide resources
-females can be aggressive to maintain a mate who will help with the upbringing of offspring, females are not at risk of cuckoldry but want to maintain the partner
-happens due to a power imbalance - more powerful person uses aggression against the other person
-researchers said bullying is maladaptive and caused by poor social skills
-evolutionary explanation of bullying: it is an adaptive strategy to increase the chances of survival and creates opportunities for reproduction
-Volk et al (2012): characteristics associated with bullying are attractive to the opposite sex, it suggests dominance in males and has the benefit of warding off potential rivals
-supporting research of aggression being evolutionary (Volk et al; Shackleford et al), increases the validity.
Weakness(es):
-supporting research was done on animals (fish) so cannot be applied to how evolution impacts human aggression. Humans are more complex so lacks generalisability.
-use of questionnaires in supporting research (Shackleford et al), ppts could have had demand characteristics which decreases the validity of findings & application to the evolutionary explanation of aggression.
-socially sensitive to say that bullying is adaptive - can cause psychological harm to individuals & can be seen as excusing bullying behaviour.
-culture bias - based on western society. Other societies = more violent/less aggressive
aggression can be seen as evolutionary adaptive - aggression allowed ancestors to survive by helping them get resources, attract partners & deter/punish people who are unfaithful
The term cuckoldary comes from the bird world
4 areas we look at in evolutionaryaggression:
Sexual jealousy (successive genes)
Mate retention strategies (adaptive)
Intimate partner violence (anti-cockoldry)
Bullying
Buss: strategies used by males have evolved in mate retention
Psychologists found that 17% of UK murders are linked to sexual jealousy (can be used for AO3)