Y1 Formative

• What is the main topic of the study material?

  Pharmacology 2
• What are the topics covered in Pharmacology 2?

  • Selectivity and specificity
  • Affinity and Kd
  • Types of drugs
  • Agonists
  • Antagonists
  • Allosteric modulators
  • Desensitization and tolerance
• What does EC50 represent in pharmacology?

  Concentration of drug for 50% response
• What does the Therapeutic Index (TI) indicate?

  Margin of safety of a drug
• What is the formula for calculating the Therapeutic Index (TI)?

  TI = LD50 / ED50
• What does a higher TI indicate about a drug?

  It is safer for use
• What does a lower TI suggest about a drug?

  Greater possibility of toxicity
• If a drug has a TI of 3, what does this imply?

  Death may occur at low doses
• What is a partial agonist?

  A drug with less than 100% response
• How does occupancy relate to response in pharmacology?

  Not all occupancy leads to maximum response
• What is the main topic of the study material?

  Pharmacology 2
• What is intrinsic efficacy?

  Ability of a drug to activate a receptor
• What are inverse agonists?

  Drugs that reduce receptor activity

  
• What is the role of antagonists in pharmacology?

  Prevent action of an agonist
• What are the topics covered in Pharmacology 2?

  • Selectivity and specificity
  • Affinity and Kd
  • Types of drugs
  • Agonists
  • Antagonists
  • Allosteric modulators
  • Desensitization and tolerance
• What are the types of receptor antagonists?

  1. Competitive Antagonist (surmountable)
  2. Competitive Antagonist (irreversible)
  3. Non-competitive Antagonist (non-surmountable)
• What does the EC50 represent in drug response?

  The concentration of drug for 50% response
• What does the Therapeutic Index (TI) indicate?

  Margin of safety of a drug
• How does a competitive antagonist affect an agonist?

  Decreases potency but not maximal effect
• What does the dose ratio (DR) represent?

  EC50 in presence / absence of antagonist
• What is the formula for calculating the Therapeutic Index (TI)?

  TI = LD50 / ED50
• What does a higher pA2 value indicate?

  More potent antagonist
• If a drug has a TI of 10, what does this imply?

  The drug is relatively safe to use
• What is the effect of a non-competitive antagonist?

  Decreases potency and maximal effect
• How does a full agonist differ from a partial agonist in terms of receptor occupancy?

  A full agonist can activate with less occupancy

  
• What factors influence drug response in biological systems?

  1. Body weight and size
  2. Age and sex
  3. Genetics (pharmacogenetics)
  4. Condition of health
  5. Placebo effect
• What is intrinsic efficacy in pharmacology?

  Ability of a drug to activate a receptor
• What is an allosteric modulator?

  Substance that modulates agonist effects
• How do positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) affect agonists?

  Amplify the agonist's effect
• What is tolerance in pharmacology?

  Decreased response to usual drug dose
• What is tachyphylaxis?

  Acute form of acquired tolerance
• What is the role of antagonists in pharmacology?

  Prevent the action of agonists
• What causes tachyphylaxis?

  Transient saturation of cell receptors
• What are the types of receptor antagonists?

  1. Competitive Antagonist (surmountable)
  2. Competitive Antagonist (irreversible)
  3. Non-competitive Antagonist (non-surmountable)
• What is an example of tachyphylaxis?

  Disappearance of ephedrine's effect
• How does a competitive antagonist affect the dose-response curve?

  Shifts it to the right without altering maximum effect
• What does a higher pA2 value indicate about an antagonist?

  It is a more potent antagonist
• What is tachyphylaxis?

  Acute form of acquired tolerance
• What factors can influence drug response in biological systems?

  1. Body weight and size
  2. Age and sex
  3. Genetics (pharmacogenetics)
  4. Condition of health
  5. Placebo effect
• What is the definition of tolerance in pharmacology?

  Decreased response to usual therapeutic dose