Anxiety

• What was the procedure in Gabbert et al.'s study?

  Pairs watched different clips of the same crime
• What percentage of eyewitnesses made mistakes after discussing the crime in Gabbert et al.'s study?

  71%
• What was the accuracy of recall in pairs without discussion in Gabbert et al.'s study?

  0%
• What are the strengths of Gabbert et al.'s study?

  • High population validity with diverse participants
  • High reliability due to easy replication
• What are the limitations of Gabbert et al.'s study?

  • Low ecological validity
  • Participants knew they were in a study
  • Results may not reflect real-life situations
• What is anxiety in the context of eyewitness testimony?

  Emotion causing tension and worry
• How can anxiety affect eyewitness testimony?

  It can impair recall accuracy
• What is the weapon focus effect (WFE)?

  Focus on a weapon during a crime
• Who researched the weapon focus effect?

  Johnson & Scott
• What were the two conditions in Johnson & Scott's study?

  Low-anxiety and high-anxiety groups
• What conclusion did Johnson & Scott reach regarding anxiety?

  Anxiety focuses attention on the weapon
• Who conducted research on the positive effects of anxiety?

  Yuille & Cutshall
• What was the procedure in Yuille & Cutshall's study?

  Witnesses were interviewed months after a crime
• What was the accuracy of recall for high-stress witnesses in Yuille & Cutshall's study?

  88%
• What was the accuracy of recall for low-stress witnesses in Yuille & Cutshall's study?

  75%
• What does the Yerkes-Dodson Law explain?

  The relationship between arousal and performance

  
• What are the contradictory findings regarding anxiety and eyewitness testimony?

  • Anxiety can impair recall accuracy
  • Anxiety can enhance recall accuracy
• What scale was used to rate stress levels during the incident?

  Seven-point scale
• How did the accuracy of witness recall change over time?

  It matched original police reports after months
• What was the accuracy percentage for low-stress witnesses?

  75% accuracy
• What does the study suggest about anxiety and recall accuracy?

  Anxiety may enhance recall accuracy
• Who proposed the relationship between arousal and performance?

  Yerkes & Dodson

  
• What is the Yerkes-Dodson Law also known as?

  Inverted-U theory
• What happens to performance as arousal increases according to the Yerkes-Dodson Law?

  Performance increases up to an optimum

  
• What did Valentine & Mesout (2009) find about high-anxiety recall?

  Less accurate recall of actors
• How did Valentine & Mesout measure anxiety?

  Using an objective measure of heart rate
• What did Christianson & Hubinette (1993) find regarding bank robbery witnesses?

  Higher recall in high-anxiety victims
• What is a limitation of the Yerkes-Dodson Law?

  It oversimplifies factors affecting anxiety

  
• What did Johnson and Scott's study fail to test?

  Anxiety, instead testing fear or surprise
• What did Yuille & Cutshall's study lack?

  Control over confounding variables
• What is the cognitive interview (CI) used for?

  Improving eyewitness interviews
• Who developed the cognitive interview?

  Geiselman et al. (1985)
• What are the four components of the cognitive interview?

  1. Mental reinstatement of original context
  2. Report everything
  3. Change order
  4. Change perspective
• What is the purpose of mental reinstatement in the CI?

  To make memories more accessible
• What does the 'report everything' stage encourage?

  Reporting all details without editing
• Why is changing the order of recall beneficial?

  It prevents schemas from influencing recall
• What is the goal of changing perspective in the CI?

  To disrupt schema effects on memory
• What did Kohnken et al. (1999) find about the CI?

  • CI improved accuracy of EWT by 41%
  • Suggests CI aids in recalling accurate memories
• What limitation did Kohnken et al. (1999) find regarding CI?

  Increased inaccuracies in memory recall
• Which components of the CI did Milne & Bull (2002) find most effective?

  Combining 'report everything' and 'reinstate context'