Biochemistry

    Cards (133)

    • What forms the catalytic active site of an enzyme?

      One or more polypeptide chains
    • What are enzymes primarily composed of?
      Proteins
    • What is a substrate in enzymatic reactions?
      A molecule that binds to the active site
    • What is the result of an enzyme action called?
      Product
    • What does luciferase produce?
      Light
    • What does catalase produce?
      Heat
    • What are some functions of enzymes in the body?
      • Digest food
      • Clot blood
      • Regulate blood pressure
      • Provide defense
      • Breakdown drugs
    • What are the two main types of enzymatic reactions?
      • Anabolic: make larger
      • Catabolic: make smaller
    • Why are enzymes necessary for life?
      They regulate the pace of life
    • What factors affect the rate of an enzymatic reaction?
      Speed of reaction and number of reactions
    • What does enzyme kinetics study?
      The rates of enzymatic reactions
    • What instrument measures absorbance changes in enzyme kinetics?
      Spectrophotometer
    • What does a gradient in enzyme kinetics represent?
      Reaction velocity in mol/min
    • What indicates enzyme activity?
      μmol/min
    • How is enzyme purity indicated?
      Enzyme activity divided by total protein
    • When is equilibrium reached in a reaction?
      When the reaction appears to stop
    • What characterizes reversible reactions?
      They have a constant rate
    • What determines the maximum rate (Vmax) of a reaction?
      Number of enzyme molecules present
    • What does a small Kd indicate?
      High affinity of the enzyme for substrate
    • What are key factors for comparing enzymes?
      • Turnover number
      • Efficiency
      • Potency
    • What are carbohydrates in biological systems?
      • Most abundant biopolymers
      • Functional as monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides
    • What are the types of monosaccharides based on stereochemistry?
      • Enantiomers
      • Epimers
      • Anomers
    • What type of linkages do carbohydrates have?
      Glycosidic linkages
    • What are examples of structural and storage carbohydrates?
      • Starch (Amylose and Amylopectin)
      • Cellulose
      • Hemicellulose
      • Chitin
    • What is the central dogma of molecular biology?
      • Replication
      • Transcription
      • Translation
    • What does DNA stand for?
      Deoxyribonucleic acid
    • Who discovered DNA and when?
      Friedrich Miescher in 1869
    • What did Miescher isolate from cells?
      Acid molecules rich in phosphate
    • What did Miescher call the isolated acid molecules?
      Nuclein
    • Where is DNA located in eukaryotic cells?
      In the nucleus in chromosomes
    • How is DNA organized in prokaryotic cells?
      Generally circular and not membrane-bound
    • What is a karyotype?
      Full set of chromosomes in a species
    • What is the normal chromosome number in diploid cells?
      Two sets of chromosomes
    • What are gametes in terms of chromosome number?
      Haploid cells with one set of chromosomes
    • What is the human genome size?
      3 billion base pairs
    • How long did it take to sequence the human genome initially?
      13 years
    • What is the current cost and time to sequence the human genome?
      500 dollars and 1 day
    • What percentage of the human genome is coding?
      3%
    • What did Griffith's experiment demonstrate?
      Transformation of non-virulent to virulent strains
    • What did Avery's experiment show about DNA?
      DNA can transform other strains
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