Remedial

• What is veterinary anatomy a branch of?

  Natural science
• What does gross anatomy deal with?

  Visible parts to the unaided eye
• What is histology?

  Study of microscopic structures
• What are the main branches of gross anatomy?

  • Osteology: Bones
  • Arthrology: Joints
  • Myology: Muscles
  • Splanchnology: Visceral organs
  • Aesthesiology: Special senses
  • Angiology: Cardiovascular structure
  • Neurology: Nervous system
• What is a hepatocyte?

  Liver cell
• What is an osteocyte?

  Bone cell
• What is an enterocyte?

  Intestinal cell
• What is the basic structural and functional unit of life?

  Cell
• What can physical or toxic insults lead to in a cell?

  Cellular adaptation or cell death
• What are the types of cellular adaptation?

  1. Atrophy: Decrease in cell size
  2. Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size
  3. Hyperplasia: Increase in cell number
  4. Metaplasia: Transformation of cell type
  5. Anaplasia: Reversion to primitive type
  6. Dysplasia: Abnormality in cell characteristics
  7. Neoplasia: Abnormal structure and increased mitosis
• What are germ cells?

  Sperm and egg cells
• How do germ cells divide?

  Through meiosis
• What are somatic cells?

  All cells aside from germ cells
• How do somatic cells divide?

  Through mitosis
• What are the phases of the cell cycle?

  1. Interphase: Longest phase

  • G1: Before DNA synthesis
  • S: DNA synthesis
  • G2: After DNA synthesis

  1. Cell division phase:

  • Prophase: Chromosomes condense
  • Metaphase: Chromosomes align
  • Anaphase: Chromatids separate
  • Telophase: Daughter cells form
• What is the function of the cell membrane?

  Regulates inflow and outflow
• What is cytoplasm composed of?

  Cytosol and organelles
• What is the role of mitochondria?

  Produces ATP, the energy-rich compound
• What is the Kreb cycle also known as?

  Tricarboxylic acid cycle
• What do lysosomes contain?

  Hydrolase, a hydrolytic enzyme
• What do peroxisomes contain?

  Oxidase, an oxidative enzyme
• What is the function of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils?

  Engulf microorganisms
• What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER)?

  Synthesize proteins for external use
• What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

  Synthesize lipids and carbohydrates
• What is the role of the Golgi apparatus?

  Packaging center for secretory products
• What is the shape of the Golgi apparatus?

  Crescent, half-moon shaped
• What is the function of centrioles?

  Help form spindle fibers during division
• What is the function of vacuoles?

  Storage for minerals, proteins, and pigments
• What is the nucleus's role in a cell?

  Contains genetic material in DNA form
• What does the nucleolus contain?

  RNA, ribonucleic acid
• What does a prominent nucleolus indicate?

  Cell is synthesizing proteins
• What is protoplasm?

  • Collective term for substances in a cell
  • Includes:

  1. Water: 70-80% of cell
  2. Proteins: 10-20% of cell
  3. Lipids: 2% of cell
  4. Carbohydrates: Nutritional requirements
  5. Electrolytes: Inorganic chemicals for reactions
• What percentage of a cell is water?

  70-80%
• What is the most abundant substance in a cell after water?

  Proteins
• What are structural proteins?

  Fibers that provide support
• What are triglycerides?

  Storage form of fats
• What is glycogen?

  Storage form in liver and muscle
• What is glyocalyx?

  Cell wall structure
• What are cations?

  Positively charged ions
• What are anions?

  Negatively charged ions