Glycolysis

• What is the sum total of all chemical reactions in a living organism called?

  Metabolism
• What is catabolism?

  Breaking down to get energy and building blocks
• What is anabolism?

  Building up for biosynthesis
• What are metabolic pathways that release stored energy called?

  Catabolic pathways
• What role do redox reactions play in metabolism?

  They transfer electrons between reactants
• What happens during oxidation in redox reactions?

  A substance loses electrons
• What happens during reduction in redox reactions?

  A substance gains electrons
• Why are redox reactions central to cellular respiration?

  They facilitate energy transfer in cells
• What is the high-energy molecule that stores energy in cells?

  Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
• Where is ATP synthesized in the cell?

  In the ATP synthase complex of the ETC
• What does ATP stand for?

  Adenosine Triphosphate
• What is the role of NAD in cellular respiration?

  It acts as a high-energy electron carrier
• What is a coenzyme?

  A non-protein compound necessary for enzyme function
• How does NAD+ function in redox reactions?

  It cycles between oxidized and reduced states
• What are the three stages of cellular respiration?

  Glycolysis, Krebs’ TCA, Oxidative Phosphorylation
• What occurs during glycolysis?

  Glucose is broken down into pyruvate
• Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?

  In the cytoplasm
• What is the Energy Investment Phase of glycolysis?

  Steps 1-5 where ATP is consumed
• What is the Energy Payoff Phase of glycolysis?

  Steps 6-10 where ATP is produced
• What are the steps of the glycolytic pathway?

  1. Phosphorylation of glucose
  2. Isomerization of glucose 6-phosphate
  3. Second phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate
  4. Cleavage into G3P and DHAP
  5. Conversion between G3P and DHAP
  6. Oxidation of G3P
  7. Formation of 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
  8. Conversion to 3-Phosphoglycerate
  9. Conversion to 2-Phosphoglycerate

  10. Formation of Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and pyruvate
• What does the term "glycolysis" mean?

  Sweet splitting
• What does glycolysis produce?

  ATP, pyruvate, and NADH
• Does glycolysis require oxygen?

  No, it occurs whether O2 is present or not
• How does the Energy Investment Phase differ from the Energy Payoff Phase in glycolysis?

  Investment phase consumes ATP, payoff phase produces ATP
• What is the role of GLUT in glycolysis?

  Transport glucose in and out of cells
• What is the function of hexokinase in glycolysis?

  Transfers a phosphate group from ATP to glucose
• What does phosphoglucoisomerase do?

  Converts glucose 6-phosphate into fructose 6-phosphate
• What is the role of phosphofructokinase in glycolysis?

  Transfers a phosphate group to fructose 6-phosphate
• What does aldolase do in glycolysis?

  Splits the sugar molecule into G3P and DHAP
• What is the function of isomerase in glycolysis?

  Facilitates conversion between G3P and DHAP
• What happens to G3P in the Energy Payoff Phase?

  It is oxidized and forms 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
• What is produced during the oxidation of G3P?

  1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate
• What is the final product of glycolysis?

  Pyruvate
• How many ATP molecules are produced in glycolysis?

  Net gain of 2 ATP
• What is the role of NADH in glycolysis?

  It carries high-energy electrons
• What is the significance of glycolysis in cellular respiration?

  It initiates the breakdown of glucose
• How does glycolysis contribute to cellular respiration?

  It breaks down glucose into pyruvate for further processing
• What are the two different 3-carbon sugars produced from the sugar molecule?

  G3P and DHAP
• What role does the Isomerase enzyme play in glycolysis?

  It facilitates conversion between G3P and DHAP
• How is G3P utilized in glycolysis?

  It is used in the next step as it forms