biology B1

• What type of cells are animal and plant cells?


  Eukaryotic cells
• What is contained in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells?


  Genetic material (DNA)
• What is the function of the cell membrane?


  Controls movement of substances in and out
• What is the function of mitochondria?


  Where energy is released through respiration
• What is the cell wall made of in plant cells?


  Cellulose
• What does the permanent vacuole contain?


  Cell sap
• What is the function of chloroplasts?


  Absorb light energy for photosynthesis
• What is the site of protein synthesis in a cell?


  Ribosomes
• What is the cytoplasm?


  Jelly-like substance where chemical reactions happen
• What are the characteristics of bacteria?


  Single-celled, no nucleus, smaller than eukaryotic cells
• How do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells?


  Prokaryotic cells have no nucleus
• How do animal and plant cells differentiate?

  Animal cells differentiate early; plant cells throughout life
• What are the functions and adaptations of specialized cells?

  • Sperm cell: Fertilizes ovum; tail for swimming, many mitochondria.
  • Red blood cell: Transports oxygen; no nucleus, contains haemoglobin, bi-concave shape.
  • Muscle cell: Allows movement; protein fibers for contraction, many mitochondria.
  • Nerve cell: Carries impulses; branched endings, myelin sheath for insulation.
  • Root hair cell: Absorbs water/minerals; long projection, many mitochondria.
  • Palisade cell: Photosynthesis; many chloroplasts, located at leaf surface.
• What is the function of a red blood cell?


  Transports oxygen around the body
• What adaptation allows red blood cells to carry more oxygen?


  No nucleus
• What is the function of a nerve cell?


  Carries electrical impulses around the body
• What is the function of a sperm cell?


  Fertilizes an ovum (egg)
• What is the function of a palisade cell?


  Enables photosynthesis in the leaf
• What is the function of a root hair cell?


  Absorbs mineral ions and water from soil
• What is the difference between light and electron microscopes?


  Electron microscopes use electrons, not light
• What is the magnification formula?


  Magnification = image size / actual size
• What are the differences between diffusion, osmosis, and active transport?


  • Diffusion: Movement from high to low concentration, no energy required.
  • Osmosis: Diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane.
  • Active transport: Movement against concentration gradient, requires energy.
• What is diffusion?


  Movement from high to low concentration
• What factors affect the rate of diffusion?

  Concentration, temperature, surface area
• How are villi adapted for exchanging substances?


  Long, thin, one-cell-thick, good blood supply
• How are lungs adapted for gas exchange?

  Alveoli, moist membranes, one-cell-thick, good blood supply
• How are fish gills adapted for gas exchange?

  Large surface area, thin layer, good blood supply
• What is osmosis?

  Diffusion of water through a partially permeable membrane
• Give an example of osmosis in a plant.

  Water moves from soil into root hair cell
• What is active transport?

  Movement against concentration gradient using energy
• Why is active transport needed in plant roots?

  Mineral ions must move against concentration gradient
• What is the purpose of active transport in the small intestine?

  Absorbs sugars when concentration is lower in intestine
• What are key terms related to cell biology and transport?

  • Cell membrane
  • Cell wall
  • Chloroplast
  • Chromosome
  • Concentration
  • Cytoplasm
  • Dilute
  • DNA
  • Eukaryotic
  • Gill filaments
  • Gradient
  • Magnification
  • Mitochondria
  • Nucleus
  • Partially permeable membrane
  • Passive process
  • Permanent vacuole
  • Plasmid
  • Prokaryotic
  • Resolution
  • Ribosome
  • Root hair cell
  • Stomata
• What is the function of the cell wall?

  Strengthens and supports the cell
• What is the structure of the main genetic material in a prokaryotic cell?

  Single loop of DNA
• How are electron microscopes different from light microscopes?

  Electron microscopes have higher magnification and resolution
• What is the function of chloroplasts?

  Absorb light energy for photosynthesis
• What is the function of ribosomes?

  Enable production of proteins
• What is the function of a permanent vacuole?

  Stores cell sap
• What is the function of the nucleus?

  Contains genetic material (DNA)