biology B2

• What is a stem cell?

  Undifferentiated cell that can specialize
• What are the two types of stem cells in mammals?

  Adult stem cells and embryonic stem cells
• Why can stem cells be cloned?

  To produce large numbers of identical cells
• What are the characteristics of adult stem cells?

  • Found in specific body parts
  • Differentiate into certain cell types
  • Fewer ethical issues
  • Established treatment techniques
  • Requires a donor
  • Limited to certain diseases
• What are the characteristics of embryonic stem cells?

  • Found in early human embryos
  • Differentiate into any cell type
  • Can treat a wide range of diseases
  • No donor needed
  • Ethical issues involved
  • Risk of viral infections
• What are the advantages of using plant meristems?

  • Cloning rare species to prevent extinction
  • Producing plants with desirable traits
  • Fast and low-cost production
• What are the disadvantages of using plant meristems?

  • Cloned plants are genetically identical
  • Risk of entire crop destruction by disease
• What does the nucleus of a cell contain?

  Chromosomes
• What do chromosomes carry?

  A large number of genes made of DNA
• How are chromosomes found in normal body cells?

  In pairs
• What is the purpose of mitosis?

  Growth and repair of cells
• What are the stages of the cell cycle?

  1. Cell grows bigger and DNA replicates
  2. Mitosis: chromosomes pulled apart, nucleus divides
  3. Cytoplasm and membrane divide, forming daughter cells
• What is binary fission?

  Cell division in bacteria
• How often can bacteria multiply under optimal conditions?

  Every 20 minutes
• Why must the lid of a petri dish be sealed partially?

  To allow oxygen while preventing harmful bacteria
• What is therapeutic cloning?

  • Uses patient's cells to create a cloned embryo
  • Stem cells from embryo used for treatments
  • Reduces rejection risk due to genetic similarity
• What happens during the first stage of the cell cycle?

  Cell grows, chromosomes duplicate
• What occurs during mitosis?

  Chromosomes are pulled to each end, nucleus divides
• What happens during the third stage of the cell cycle?

  Cytoplasm and membrane divide
• What is the term for cell division in bacteria?

  Binary fission
• What is the definition of therapeutic cloning?

  Creating a cloned embryo from patient's cells
• What is one advantage of using therapeutic cloning?

  Stem cells are less likely to be rejected
• What is one advantage of using adult stem cells?

  Fewer ethical issues due to consent
• What is one disadvantage of using adult stem cells?

  Long wait time for suitable donor
• What is one disadvantage of using embryonic stem cells?

  Ethical issues due to embryo destruction
• What is one advantage of using embryonic stem cells?

  Can differentiate into any specialized cell
• What is one disadvantage of using embryonic stem cells?

  Risk of transferring viral infections
• What are plant meristems?

  Areas of rapid cell division in plants
• What is one advantage of using plant meristems for cloning?

  Cloning rare species to prevent extinction
• What is one disadvantage of using plant meristems for cloning?

  No genetic variation in cloned plants
• What is cell division by mitosis?

  Division forming two identical daughter cells
• What is the purpose of mitosis?

  Growth, repair, and asexual reproduction
• What happens during the first stage of the cell cycle?

  Cell grows and DNA replicates
• What happens during mitosis?

  Chromosomes are pulled apart and nucleus divides
• What happens during the third stage of the cell cycle?

  Cytoplasm and membrane divide
• What is the term for cell division in bacteria?

  Binary fission
• What is the definition of therapeutic cloning?

  Creating a cloned embryo from patient's cells
• What is one advantage of using therapeutic cloning?

  Stem cells are less likely to be rejected
• What is one advantage of using adult stem cells?

  Fewer ethical issues due to consent
• What is one disadvantage of using adult stem cells?

  Long wait time for suitable donor