Endocrine revision

• What makes up the endocrine system?

  Glands and organs that produce hormones
• What is a hormone?

  A chemical messenger that maintains homeostasis
• How do hormones travel in the body?

  They travel through the bloodstream to cells
• Are hormone reactions instant or slow?

  They can be instant or work slowly over time
• Name three functions that hormones are responsible for.

  Metabolism, sexual function, mood
• What are the three types of hormones?

  Proteins, polypeptides, steroids, amines
• What is the structure of different hormone types?

  • Peptide: Chains of amino acids
  • Polypeptide: Made from lipids
  • Steroid: Made from a single amino acid
  • Amine: Derived from amino acids
• What is an example of a peptide hormone?

  Insulin
• What is an example of a steroid hormone?

  Cortisol
• What is an example of an amine hormone?

  Thyroid
• Which type of hormones produce most of the body's hormones?

  Steroid proteins and polypeptides
• How do hormones produce a response?

  By binding to receptors to trigger a response
• What are the three stimuli groups that activate endocrine glands?

  Hormonal, neural, humoral
• What gland links the neural and endocrine systems?

  Hypothalamus
• What is negative feedback in hormone control?

  Decreases stimulus and decreases productivity
• What is positive feedback in hormone control?

  Increases stimuli and increases productivity
• What is Ferguson's reflex?

  A neuroendocrine reflex during labor
• What is GnRH and its function?

  Gonadotropin-releasing hormone, regulates reproductive axis
• Which hormones are released from the anterior pituitary gland after GnRH stimulation?

  LH and FSH
• What is the function of Prolactin?

  Stimulates breast milk production and development
• What is a reaction from Oxytocin?

  Contractions from the uterus
• What are the two regions of the adrenal glands?

  Adrenal medulla and adrenal cortex
• What hormone is secreted from the adrenal medulla?

  Adrenaline
• What hormone is secreted from the adrenal cortex?

  Aldosterone
• What are the functions of hormones from the adrenal gland?

  • Regulate metabolism
  • Control stress response
  • Maintain blood pressure
• Name two functions of the thyroid gland.

  Metabolism and growth
• What is the difference between an underactive and overactive thyroid gland?

  Underactive: low BMI; overactive: high BMI
• What hormone regulates calcium levels in the blood?

  Parathyroid hormone
• What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

  Digestive enzyme function related to blood sugar control
• Which enzymes break down the three main food groups?

  Trypsin, amylase, lipase
• What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

  Digestion and converting food into fuel
• How does the pancreas regulate blood sugars?

  Produces hormones that move glucose in and out
• What is Glycogenesis?

  Formation of glycogen from glucose
• What is Glycogenolysis?

  Breakdown of glycogen to form glucose
• What is Gluconeogenesis?

  Conversion of non-carbohydrates into glucose
• What processes allow the body to manage glucose levels?

  • Glycogenesis: formation of glycogen from glucose
  • Glycogenolysis: breakdown of glycogen to glucose
  • Gluconeogenesis: conversion of non-carbohydrates to glucose
• What makes up the endocrine system?

  Glands and organs that produce hormones
• What is a hormone?

  A chemical messenger that maintains homeostasis
• How do hormones travel in the body?

  Through the bloodstream to cells and tissues
• Are hormone reactions instant or slow?

  They can be instant or work slowly over time