Heart and blood vessels

• What is the monomer of glycogen?

  Glucose
• What is the bond that forms between amino acids?

  Peptide bond
• What reaction breaks the bond between amino acids?

  Hydrolysis reaction
• Identify a passive form of transport that controls transport across membranes.

  Facilitated diffusion
• What are the products of glycolysis for 1 molecule of glucose?

  2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH
• What is released in a decarboxylation reaction?

  Carbon dioxide
• What are the 3 coenzymes involved in aerobic respiration?

  NAD+, FAD, Coenzyme A
• What are the components that make up blood?

  • Plasma
  • Red blood cells (Erythrocytes)
  • White blood cells (Leucocytes)
  • Platelets (Thrombocytes)
• Describe the composition of plasma.

  90% water, proteins, salts, nutrients, waste, hormones, gases
• What is the structure of red blood cells and how does it relate to their function?

  Biconcave disc, no nucleus, packed with hemoglobin
• What is the overall role of red blood cells?

  Transport of oxygen
• What is the role of white blood cells?

  Defense and immunity
• What is the role of platelets?

  Promote blood clotting
• What are the three main types of blood vessels?

  • Arteries
  • Capillaries
  • Veins
• Describe the structure of arteries and arterioles and relate it to their function.

  Thicker walls to withstand high pressure
• What is the function of large arteries?

  Carry blood away from the heart
• What do elastic fibers in arteries allow?

  Stretch and recoil of vessel walls
• What is the role of smooth muscle in smaller arteries and arterioles?

  Contracts to maintain high blood pressure
• How does the endothelium in arteries reduce friction?

  It is smooth and folded
• What is the function of capillaries?

  Exchange of substances between blood and cells
• How are capillaries adapted for exchange of substances?

  Thin walls, one cell thick, with pores
• What do venules merge into?

  Large veins
• Why do veins have thinner walls than arteries?

  Blood is at a much lower pressure
• What prevents backflow of blood in some veins?

  Valves
• Compare the structure of arteries, veins, and capillaries.

  • Arteries: Thick walls, no valves, large lumen
  • Veins: Thin walls, valves present, large lumen
  • Capillaries: Thin walls (one cell thick), no valves, small lumen
• What is the function of the left ventricle?

  Pumps oxygenated blood to the body
• How does the structure of the left ventricle differ from the right ventricle?

  Thicker walls for powerful contractions
• What do atrioventricular valves do?

  Link atria to ventricles, prevent backflow
• What do semilunar valves do?

  Link ventricles to arteries, prevent backflow
• What is the role of cords (valve tendons)?

  Attach valves to chamber walls
• What is the function of the septum in the heart?

  Separates right and left sides of the heart
• What does the right side of the heart pump?

  Deoxygenated blood to the lungs
• What does the left side of the heart pump?

  Oxygenated blood to the whole body
• What is the heart's own blood supply called?

  Coronary arteries
• What happens if the coronary arteries become blocked?

  Heart attack (myocardial infarction)
• What are the essential contents learners must cover before assessment?

  • Structure and function of the circulatory system
  • Blood composition
  • Blood vessels
  • Pulmonary and systemic circulation
  • Regulation of heart rate and blood pressure
  • Exchange of substances between blood and tissues
  • Formation of tissue fluid and lymph
  • Causes and symptoms of coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, hypotension
• What is the direction of blood flow through the heart?

  From atria to ventricles, then to arteries
• What happens during atrial contraction?

  Atria contract to push blood into ventricles
• What happens during ventricular contraction?

  Ventricles contract to push blood out
• What happens when both atria and ventricles relax?

  Heart fills with blood