alcohols + carboxylic acids + esters

• What are alcohols classified as in organic chemistry?

  Homologous series of organic compounds
• How do alcohols differ from alkanes?

  Alcohols have an -OH group instead of hydrogen
• What is the naming convention for alcohols?

  Replace the final 'e' with 'ol'
• What are the first four alcohols in the homologous series?

  Methanol, ethanol, propanol, butanol
• What is the general formula for alcohols?

  C$n$H$2n +$$1$OH
• What does it mean for alcohols to be soluble?

  They can dissolve in water to form a solution
• What is the pH of alcohol solutions?

  Neutral pH
• What happens when alcohols are oxidized?

  They form carboxylic acids
• How do you write the combustion equation for ethanol?

  C$2$H$5$OH + O$2$ → CO$2$ + H$2$O
• What does flammability mean for alcohols?

  They can undergo complete combustion in air
• Why are alcohols used as fuels?

  They release a lot of energy when burned
• What is one common use of alcohols in industry?

  As solvents
• Why are alcohols preferred over water as solvents?

  They can dissolve substances that water cannot
• What are the properties of the first four alcohols?

  • Flammable
  • Soluble in water
  • Can be oxidized to form carboxylic acids
• What is the process of combustion for alcohols?

  1. Alcohol reacts with oxygen
  2. Produces carbon dioxide and water
  3. Releases energy
• What is the functional group of carboxylic acids formed from alcohols?

  • The functional group is -COOH
• What are carboxylic acids a homologous series of?

  Organic compounds
• What is the functional group of carboxylic acids?

  c-o-o-h
• What do the names of carboxylic acids end with?

  anoic acid
• What is the name of the carboxylic acid with three carbons?

  Propanoic acid
• What are the other carboxylic acids you need to know?

  Methanoic, ethanoic, butanoic acids
• How should the formulas of carboxylic acids be written?

  COOH groups together at the end
• How do carboxylic acids behave in reactions?

  They react like any other acid
• What type of acids are carboxylic acids?

  Weak acids
• What does it mean that carboxylic acids do not fully ionize?

  Not all molecules release hydrogen ions
• How is the ionization of carboxylic acids represented?

  With an equilibrium arrow in equations
• What do the negative ions formed from carboxylic acids end with?

  anoate
• What does propanoic acid ionize into?

  Propanoate ion and hydrogen ion
• What do carboxylic acids form when they react with metal carbonates?

  Salt, water, and carbon dioxide
• What is formed when ethanoic acid reacts with potassium carbonate?

  Potassium ethanoate, water, and carbon dioxide
• How are carboxylic acids made from alcohols?

  By oxidizing alcohols with an oxidizing agent
• What is the name of the carboxylic acid produced from butanol?

  Butanoic acid
• What happens to butanol during oxidation?

  It adds an oxygen to form a carboxylic acid
• What are the key characteristics of carboxylic acids?

  • Homologous series of organic compounds
  • Functional group: c-o-o-h
  • Names end in "anoic acid"
  • Weak acids that do not fully ionize
  • Form negative ions ending in "anoate"
  • React with metal carbonates to produce salt, water, and carbon dioxide
  • Made by oxidizing alcohols
• What is the key feature of esters?

  They have a COO group
• What is the functional group of esters called?

  COO group
• How are the smells of esters typically described?

  As sweet or fruity
• What does it mean for esters to be volatile?

  They evaporate easily
• In what products are esters commonly found?

  Perfumes and food flavorings
• What two substances are needed to make an ester?

  A carboxylic acid and an alcohol