Misleading information

• What is a leading question?

  A leading question is one that prompts or encourages the answer wanted.
• Who conducted the study involving leading questions?

  Loftus and Palmer conducted the study.
• How many students participated in Loftus and Palmer's study?

  45 students participated in the study.
• What question were the students asked after watching the film clips?

  They were asked, “About how fast were the cars going when they _______ each other?”
• How many groups were involved in Loftus and Palmer's study?

  There were 5 groups involved in the study.
• What different verbs were used in Loftus and Palmer's study?

  The verbs used were smashed, hit, bumped, collided, and contacted.
• What were the findings of Loftus and Palmer's study regarding estimated speeds?

  • The verb "contacted" resulted in a mean estimated speed of $31.8 \text{ mph}$ (lowest).
  • The verb "smashed" resulted in a mean estimated speed of $40.5 \text{ mph}$ (highest).
• What is post-event discussion?

  Post-event discussion is a potential source of misleading information where witnesses discuss what they saw after an event.
• Who conducted the study on post-event discussion?

  Gabbert conducted the study on post-event discussion.
• How did Gabbert study participants in pairs?

  Each participant watched a video of the same crime filmed from different points of view.
• What was unique about the participants' views in Gabbert's study?

  Each participant could see elements in the event that the other could not.
• What did participants do after discussing what they had seen in Gabbert's study?

  They individually completed a test of recall.
• What were the findings of Gabbert's study regarding post-event discussion?

  • In the post-event discussion group, 71% of participants mistakenly recalled aspects they did not see.
  • In the control group with no discussion, it was 0%.