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Biology
Topic 14
Glycolysis
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During
respiration
, a chemical reaction occurs in which sugars are oxidised to release
ATP
Why ATP is the preferred energy source
quick
release energy
small
quantities
phosphorylates
reversible
The 4 metabolic pathways of aerobic respiration
glycolysis
-> occurs in the cytoplasm
link reaction
-> occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
krebs cycle
-> occurs in the mitochondrial matrix
electron transport chain
-> occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
Mitochondria consist of a double layer of
membrane
surrounding a central
matrix
, with the inner membrane folding to form
cristae
Coenzymes
= complex organic molecules that are needed for some enzymes to function, they accept or donate subatomic particles
Linking between the stages of respiration
carrier proteins are used to transfer the substrates between the different parts of the cell
the coenzyme
NAD
is used as an acceptor for hydrogen during the pathways of respiration
the reduced NAD formed is used as a donor of
hydrogen
for the
electron transport chain
during which most of the ATP is synthesised
Glycolysis is the first stage of both
aerobic
and
anaerobic
respiration
Glycolysis
takes place in the
cytoplasm
and begins with the activation of the main respiratory substrate
glucose
Process of glycolysis
Glucose is
activated
, which adds two
phosphate groups
provided by the
hydrolysis
of two ATP molecules, producing
phosphorylated glucose
The
phosphorylated glucose
then undergoes
hydrolysis
to produce two molecules of
triose phosphate
These molecules are
oxidised
from the removal of
hydrogen
which reduce
NAD
This produces two
pyruvate
molecules which also results in the formation of four molecules of
ATP
, so there is a net gain of 2 molecules of ATP