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DCL: GRAM POSITIVES
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Cards (20)
What are the two main domains of prokaryotes mentioned in the study material?
Domain Bacteria
and
Domain Archaea
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What are the major classifications of bacteria based on Gram staining?
Gram Positive
Gram Negative
Pseudomonadota
Non-Pseudomonadota
Enteric Bacteria
Non-
enteric Bacteria
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What are the learning objectives related to Gram positive bacteria?
Describe major
lineages
of Bacteria and features of Gram positives with examples
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What are the key differences between Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria?
Gram Positive: Thick
peptidoglycan
layer, small
periplasmic
space,
teichoic acid
Gram Negative: Thin peptidoglycan layer, large periplasmic space, outer membrane,
lipopolysaccharides
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What is the phylum of bacteria that has low GC content and is a major component of the human intestinal microbiome?
Bacillota
(
Firmicutes
)
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What are the characteristics of the order Lactobacillales?
Low
GC content
,
acid tolerant
, includes lactic acid bacteria like
Streptococcus
and
Lactobacillus
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What diseases can Streptococcus cause?
Strep throat
, pink eye,
meningitis
, endocarditis, and necrotizing fasciitis
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What role does Lactobacillus play in the human body?
It is a
commensal
probiotic
that outcompetes
pathogens
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What is a common characteristic of the order Bacillales?
They are common in soil and can be
anaerobic
,
facultative
, or aerobic
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What are some diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus?
Toxic shock syndrome
,
endocarditis
,
pneumonia
,
abscesses
, and
scalded skin syndrome
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What are some virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus?
Protein A
, capsule, toxins, haemolysins, coagulase, and antibiotic resistance (
MRSA
)
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What is Bacillus thuringiensis used for?
It is an insecticidal natural pesticide safe for plants and the environment
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What are the types of anthrax caused by Bacillus anthracis?
Cutaneous
,
pulmonary
, and
gastrointestinal
anthrax
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What is a characteristic of the order Clostridiales?
They are
anaerobic
, with most
species
being
non-pathogenic
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What is the primary concern associated with Clostridium botulinum?
It causes
botulism
, often linked to
canned
food
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What is the phylum of bacteria known for having high GC content?
Actinomycetota
(Actinobacteria)
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What is the largest genus of Actinobacteria and what are its characteristics?
Streptomyces
, which is
aerobic
, spore-forming, and soil-dwelling
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Why can't Mycobacterium be Gram stained?
It has a waxy cell wall that prevents
staining
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What are some examples of bacteria from different classifications mentioned in the study material?
Lactobacillales
:
Streptococcus
, Lactobacillus
Bacillales:
Staphylococcus aureus
,
Bacillus thuringiensis
, Bacillus anthracis
Clostridiales:
Clostridium botulinum
Actinomycetota
:
Streptomyces
,
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
,
Mycobacterium leprae
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What are the learning outcomes related to Gram positive bacteria?
Overview of Gram positive bacteria, diseases caused by
S. aureus
, features of low
GC
content species, and uses of high GC content species
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