Antibacterals

• What is the main focus of the study material?


  Antimicrobial medicines and adverse drug reactions
• What is an antimicrobial?

  An agent that kills or inhibits microorganisms
• What are the types of antimicrobial medicines mentioned?

  Antibiotics, antifungals, and antivirals

  
• How do disinfectants differ from antiseptics?

  Disinfectants are toxic to humans; antiseptics are less toxic
• What are pathogens?

  Microorganisms that cause disease
• How can pathogenic microorganisms spread?

  Through direct and indirect contact
• Which diseases are spread by contaminated air droplets?

  Influenza and tuberculosis
• How can Staphylococcus aureus be transmitted?

  By direct contact or contaminated objects
• What are broad-spectrum antibiotics effective against?

  Both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria

  
• What is an example of a broad-spectrum antibiotic?

  Penicillin or cephalosporins
• What characterizes Gram-negative bacteria?

  Thin peptidoglycan wall and outer membrane
• What does a Gram stain indicate if bacteria turn purple?

  The bacteria are Gram-positive

  
• When are antibiotics used?

  To treat known or suspected infections
• What is prophylactic treatment?

  Preventing infection during medical procedures
• What is an example of prophylactic treatment for pre-term rupture of membranes?

  10-day course of oral erythromycin
• Why are prophylactic antibiotics given before a Caesarean section?

  To reduce the risk of maternal infection
• What is the risk of postoperative infections after a Caesarean section?

  About 8% of women
• What is recommended after repair of OASIS?

  Use of broad-spectrum antibiotics
• What infections are treated with antibiotics during pregnancy?

  UTIs, chorioamnionitis, throat infections
• What is Group B Streptococcus (GBS)?

  A common bacterium in women’s vagina and rectum
• What serious infections can GBS cause in newborns?

  Sepsis, pneumonia, and meningitis
• What increases the risk of symptomatic GBS infection?

  Preterm birth and previous GBS infection
• Which antibiotics are safe during breastfeeding?

  Azithromycin, cefaclor, and erythromycin
• What should be checked before administering antibiotics?

  Culture and sensitivity results

  
• What is antimicrobial stewardship?

  Ensuring correct use of antibiotics
• How does effective antimicrobial stewardship benefit patient outcomes?

  Reduces healthcare-associated infections
• What should be reviewed in antimicrobial stewardship?

  Need for antibiotics and correct prescribing
• What is a consequence of crushing antibiotic tablets?

  Growth of resistant microorganisms
• Why is it important to monitor vital signs during antibiotic therapy?

  To detect reactions and toxicity
• What is a key takeaway about antibiotics?

  They save lives but can be over-prescribed
• What has led to maternal and infant deaths?

  Failure to recognize and treat sepsis
• What is recognized as a serious issue in healthcare?

  Increasing antibiotic resistance
• What should be assessed regarding antibiotic administration?

  Route, duration, and dose
• Why is it important to review antibiotics daily?

  To assess if they can be stopped or switched
• What is antimicrobial stewardship?

  Efforts to optimize antibiotic use
• What risk is associated with crushing antibiotic tablets?

  Growth of resistant microorganisms
• What should be worn when opening vials of antibiotics?

  Gloves
• Why is it important to educate family about antibiotic misuse?

  To prevent misuse and promote proper use
• What are the key points about antibiotics?

  • Save lives and cure infections
  • Can be over-prescribed
  • Guidelines show no consensus
  • Recognizing sepsis is crucial
  • Antibiotic resistance is a public health issue
• What percentage of emergency hospital admissions are due to ADRs?

  6-7%