Antibacterial

• What does chemotherapy refer to?

  Use of drugs to target foreign cells
• What is qualitative selective toxicity?

  Targets structures unique to foreign cells
• What is quantitative selective toxicity?

  Targets structures in both cells but affects foreign cells more
• What is dose intensity in chemotherapy?

  Ensuring sufficient drug concentration
• Why is scheduling important in chemotherapy?

  To maintain effective drug levels
• What is combination therapy in chemotherapy?

  Using multiple drugs to enhance effectiveness
• What is the basic structure of bacteria?

  Cell wall, plasma membrane, ribosomes, DNA
• What does Gram staining differentiate?

  Bacteria based on cell wall structure
• What color do Gram-positive bacteria stain?

  Purple
• What color do Gram-negative bacteria stain?

  Red-brown
• How do cell wall synthesis inhibitors work?

  Prevent peptidoglycan cross-linking, causing lysis
• Name a drug that inhibits nucleic acid synthesis.

  Fluoroquinolones
• What is the mode of action for fluoroquinolones?

  Inhibits DNA gyrase, preventing replication
• What do aminoglycosides target?

  Bacterial ribosomes
• How do sulfonamides work?

  Inhibit folic acid synthesis essential for growth
• How can drug targets be altered in bacteria?

  Mutations in ribosomal RNA reduce binding
• What is reduced drug uptake in bacteria?

  Altered porins prevent drug entry
• What is active drug efflux?

  Efflux pumps remove drugs before toxicity
• How can unnecessary prescriptions be reduced?

  By promoting appropriate antibiotic use
• What is the role of narrow-spectrum antibiotics?

  To target specific bacteria effectively
• Why is patient adherence important in antibiotic regimens?

  To ensure effectiveness and prevent resistance
• What is the concern with prophylactic antibiotic use in agriculture?

  It can lead to increased resistance
• What are cytotoxic agents?

  Drugs that induce DNA damage
• How do antimetabolites work?

  Disrupt DNA synthesis
• What do topoisomerase inhibitors prevent?

  DNA unwinding
• What do tyrosine kinase inhibitors block?

  Cancer cell signaling
• What do monoclonal antibodies bind to?

  Specific cancer cell markers
• What is hormonal therapy used for?

  Hormone-sensitive cancers
• How do checkpoint inhibitors work?

  Block proteins stopping immune attack on cancer
• What is CAR-T cell therapy?

  Genetically engineered T cells attacking cancer
• What do nucleoside analogues block?

  Viral DNA replication
• How do protease inhibitors work?

  Prevent viral protein processing
• What do fusion inhibitors block?

  Virus entry into host cells
• How does artemisinin work?

  Generates free radicals toxic to malaria parasites
• What do chloroquine and quinine inhibit?

  Heme detoxification in Plasmodium
• What does metronidazole disrupt?

  DNA in anaerobic protozoa
• How does pentamidine work?

  Inhibits protozoal RNA and protein synthesis
• What are global inequalities in drug availability?

  Disparities in access to medications worldwide
• What are the issues with drug costs in low-income regions?

  High costs and lack of healthcare infrastructure
• What is pharmacogenomics?

  Study of genetic variation affecting drug response