WK4 Memory & Numbers

• What are the two main types of long-term memory?

  Explicit memory and implicit memory
• What is another name for explicit memory?

  Declarative memory
• What is another name for implicit memory?

  Procedural memory
• What type of explicit memory involves stored facts and general knowledge?

  Semantic memory
• What type of explicit memory involves memory of particular events?

  Episodic memory
• What type of explicit memory is personal and involves life experiences?

  Autobiographical memory
• What are the four processes involved in memory according to the definitions provided?

  1. Encoding: Processing the stimulus to form a representation
  2. Storage: Transferring information to short-term or long-term memory
  3. Retrieval: Bringing information out of storage when required
  4. Recall: Retrieving information without prompts
• What is the term for bringing information out of storage when required?

  Retrieval
• What is the term for identifying elements of an event that were present during its original perception?

  Recognition
• What did DeCasper (1994) find about infants and auditory stimuli?

  Infants recognize familiar auditory stimuli
• What did Slater et al. (1983) discover about neonates and shapes?

  Neonates habituate to repeated shapes
• What were the variables manipulated in Morgan & Hayne's (2006) study on visual recognition?

  • Length of familiarization: 5s, 10s, 30s
  • Length of delay: 0, 24 hours, 1 week
• What did 1-year-olds recognize immediately with 10s familiarization?

  The visual stimulus
• What did 4-year-olds retain over a week with 10s familiarization?

  The visual stimulus
• What conclusions can be drawn about children's memory development from the studies mentioned?

  • Speed of encoding for recognition increases with age
  • Retention for recognition increases with age
  • Longer familiarization time prolongs retention
• What is deferred imitation a measure of?

  Evidence for memory of an action
• What were the key findings of Herbert et al. (2006) regarding deferred imitation in infants?

  • 6-month-olds recall immediately, not after 24 hours
  • 9-month-olds recall immediately and after 24 hours

  
• What conclusions can be drawn from Herbert et al. (2006) about recall ability?

  • Recall ability increases with age
  • Retention for recall increases with age
• How do retrieval cues support retention for recall according to Herbert (2011)?

  • Verbal cues enhance memory of an event
  • Infants show more flexible memory representations by 1 year
• What did infants produce more of when they heard action narration cues?

  More imitations
• What is the structure of the lecture regarding children's memory development?

  • Part 1: Infant memory development
  • Part 2: Children’s memory development
  • Part 3: Children’s eyewitness testimony
• What is the take-away regarding children's early memory?

  • Early memory is mostly nonverbal
  • Development of knowledge and language aids memory
• What are the two main factors contributing to childhood amnesia?

  • Development of a sense of self
  • Development of language
• What did Simcock & Hayne (2002) find about children's memory in their study?

  • Children encode memories nonverbally before language acquisition
  • Early memories are often lost due to lack of verbal encoding
• How does knowledge development support memory according to Schneider & Bjorklund (1992)?

  • Supports encoding of new information
  • Increases memory capacity for encoding
• What is a script in the context of memory development?

  • A generalized event representation
  • Provides structure for recalling familiar events
• What memory strategies are mentioned as mnemonics?

  • Rehearsal
  • Organisation
  • Elaboration
• How does meta memory develop in children?

  • Awareness of how memory works
  • Knowledge about the use of mnemonics
• What are the key points regarding children's eyewitness testimony?

  • Quantity and quality of recall increase with age
  • Susceptible to suggestion and false memory
• What did Leichtmann & Ceci (1995) find about preschool children's memory reports?

  • False memories increased with interference
  • False memories decreased with age
• What did Broaders & Goldin-Meadow (2010) discover about children's recall memory?

  • Children incorporated misleading information from gestures
  • Importance of gestures in investigative interviews
• What is the summary of memory development from infancy to childhood?

  • Recognition and recall abilities develop continuously
  • Interaction of cognitive and social factors is crucial
• What are the topics covered in Part 4 of the lecture?

  Types of number knowledge
• What are the topics covered in Part 5 of the lecture?

  Infants’ knowledge of number
• What abilities do ants show from birth?

  Recognition and recall abilities
• How do memory processes develop in children?

  Continuously across infancy and childhood
• What are the two types of processes involved in memory development?

  Bottom up and top down processes
• What contributes to the development of bottom up processes?

  Increased encoding and retrieval
• What contributes to the development of top down processes?

  Increased language, knowledge, and explicit strategies
• What can children form that affects memory reporting?

  False memories