Who? Walther and Tidwell - Other cues (timing/style of messages); acronyms or emojissubstitute for facial expressions
Why? Virtual relationships just as personal
Limitation: Lack of support for hyperpersonal model
What? Challenging evidence
Who? Ruppel - meta-analysis (25 studies); self-reports found frequency, breadth and depth of self-disclosuresgreater in face-to-face - experimental studies showed no difference
Why? Contradictory
Counterpoint: Lack of support for hyperpersonal model
What? Some evidence
Who? Whitty and Joinson - online discussions tend to be hyperhonest and self-presentationhyperdishonest
Why? Supports hyperhonesty and hyperdishonesty
Strength: Support for absence of gating
What? Shy, lonely and socially anxious people find virtual relationships valuable
Who? McKenna and Bargh - Able to express'true selves';71% of relationships survived at least 2 years
