Pain + Analgesics

• What is the definition of pain?

  "An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience"
• Where does pain occur in the body?

  It occurs in the brain
• What activates nociceptors to cause pain?

  Thermal, mechanical, chemical, or other stimuli
• What is referred pain?

  Pain perceived at a location other than the origin
• Can pain be experienced without a biological basis?

  Yes, it can occur without a biological basis
• What is emotional pain?

  An intense feeling of distress from non-physical sources
• What is the most common reason for patients to seek medical attention?

  Pain
• What are some medical conditions associated with pain?

  • Diabetic neuropathy
  • Trigeminal neuralgia
  • Fibromyalgia
  • Migraine
  • Peptic ulcer
  • Ulcerative colitis
  • IBD and IBS
  • Osteoarthritis
  • Osteoporosis
  • Rheumatoid arthritis
  • Gout
  • Sciatica
  • Bone fracture
  • Shingles
  • Acute pancreatitis
  • Appendicitis
  • Kidney stones
• What are the components of pain assessment and diagnosis?

  • Medical history
  • Interviews
  • Determining the causes
  • Assessment tools
• What are the two categories of pain measurement tools?

  • Unidimensional methods
  • Multidimensional methods
• What are some examples of unidimensional assessment tools?

  • Visual analogue scales (VAS)
  • Categorical verbal rating scales (VRS)
  • Numerical rating scales (NRS)
  • Graphic rating scales
  • Verbal descriptor scales
• What are some examples of multidimensional assessment tools?

  • Body diagrams
  • Computer graphic scales
  • Picture scales
  • McGill pain questionnaire
• How do unidimensional and multidimensional pain assessment tools differ?

  Unidimensional tools measure one aspect, multidimensional measure multiple aspects
• What are the various types of pain mentioned?

  Acute, chronic, and neuropathic pain
• What is the significance of subjective reporting in pain experience?

  It reflects individual perceptions of pain
• What components are involved in clinical assessment of pain?

  Medical history, interviews, and assessment tools
• What are the categories of pain measurement tools?

  • Unidimensional methods
  • Multidimensional methods
• Name a unidimensional pain assessment tool.

  Visual analogue scale (VAS)
• What is a multidimensional pain assessment tool?

  McGill pain questionnaire
• List some unidimensional assessment tools.

  • Visual analogue scales (VAS)
  • Categorical verbal rating scales (VRS)
  • Numerical rating scales (NRS)
  • Graphic rating scales
  • Verbal descriptor scales
• List some multidimensional assessment tools.

  • McGill pain questionnaire (short and long)
  • Brief pain inventory (short and long)
  • West Haven-Yale Multi-dimensional Pain Inventory
  • Treatment Outcomes of Pain Survey
  • Pain disability index
• What are sensory neurons classified as?

  Motor neurons, interneurons, and sensory neurons
• What is the structure of most sensory neurons?

  They are pseudo-unipolar with a single process
• What do the peripheral receptive branch and central extension of sensory neurons serve as?

  Dendrite and axon, respectively
• What are the classifications of sensory receptors based on stimuli?

  • Chemoreceptors: sense chemicals
  • Mechanoreceptors: sense touch and pressure
  • Photoreceptors: sense light
  • Thermoreceptors: sense temperature
• What do chemoreceptors sense?

  Chemicals, such as taste
• What do mechanoreceptors sense?

  Touch, pressure, and distortion
• Where are photoreceptors found?

  In the retinas
• What do thermoreceptors sense?

  Temperature
• What are sensory receptors classified based on?

  The nature of the stimuli they transduce
• What are the types of sensory receptors?

  • Chemoreceptors: sense chemicals (taste buds)
  • Mechanoreceptors: sense touch, pressure, distortion
  • Photoreceptors: sense light (found in retinas)
  • Thermoreceptors: sense temperature
  • Nociceptors: sense tissue damage
• What do nociceptors respond to?

  They respond to noxious stimuli causing pain
• What type of nerve endings are nociceptors?

  Free nerve endings
• What fibers transmit pain sensations from nociceptors?

  Type Aδ fibers and type C fibers

  
• What is a free nerve ending?

  A terminal sensory axon lacking protective layers
• What can excite nociceptors?

  Chemical and physical stimuli like heat
• What neurotransmitter do nociceptors primarily release?

  Glutamate
• What are the characteristics of nociceptors?

  • Detect a wide range of stimuli
  • Elevated stimulation threshold
  • Encode intensity within noxious range
  • Do not adapt to persistent stimuli
• What are the categories of nociceptors based on their responses?

  Thermal, mechanical, chemical, polymodal, silent
• What activates thermal nociceptors?

  Noxious heat or cold at various temperatures