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Pain & Analgesics
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Princess Merville
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Cards (131)
How is pain defined?
As an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage
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Where does pain occur?
In the
brain
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What activates nociceptors?
Thermal
,
mechanical
,
chemical
, or other stimuli
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What is emotional pain?
Intense
distress
, anguish or suffering from non-physical sources
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What are the categories of pain measurement tools?
Unidimensional
methods
Multidimensional
methods
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What are examples of unidimensional assessment tools?
Visual analogue scales (VAS)
Categorical verbal rating scales (VRS)
Numerical rating scales (NRS)
Graphic rating scales
Verbal descriptor scales
body diagrams
computer graphic scale
picture scales
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What are examples of multidimensional assessment tools?
McGill pain questionnaire
(short and long)
Brief pain inventory
(short and long)
West Haven-Yale Multi-dimensional Pain Inventory
Treatment Outcomes of Pain Survey
Behavioral pain scales
Pain disability index
Pain information & beliefs
questionnaire
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what are the different types of sensory receptors?
chemoreceptors - chemicals
mechanoreceptors - touch, pressure and distortion
photoreceptors - light
thermoreceptors - temperature
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What are the three functional classifications of nerve cells?
Motor neurons
, interneurons,
sensory neurons
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How do sensory neurons transmit signals?
Through a
peripheral receptive branch
and
axon
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What do nociceptors respond to?
They respond to a variety of stimuli and sesne tissue damage
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What fibers transmit pain sensations from nociceptors?
Type Aδ
fibers and
type C
fibers
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How do nociceptors detect stimuli?
By activating a single receptor with a chemical or physical stimuli
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What neurotransmitter do nociceptors primarily release?
Glutamate
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What is a characteristic of nociceptors?
They do not adapt to persistent stimuli
encode the intensity of a stimulus within noxious range
they detect a wide range of stimulus modalities
elevated stimulation threshold
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What is the function of nociceptors in the body?
To sense
tissue damage
and pain
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What are the categories of nociceptors based on their responses?
Thermal nociceptors
Mechanical nociceptors
Chemical nociceptors
Polymodal nociceptors
Silent nociceptors
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What activates thermal nociceptors?
Noxious heat
or cold at
various temperatures
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What do mechanical nociceptors respond to?
Intense pressure and skin incisions that break the skin barrier
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What do chemical nociceptors respond to?
Chemicals
released
from damaged tissue
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What do polymodal nociceptors respond to?
Thermal
,
mechanical
, and
chemical
stresses
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When do silent nociceptors become active?
When tissue becomes
inflamed
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What are the types of pain sensory neurons based on myelination?
Aα fibers
: heavily myelinated
Aß fibers
: mildly myelinated
Aδ fibers
: thinly myelinated
C fibers
: unmyelinated
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What do muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs communicate?
Information about the location and
position
of the body
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What are the two major pathways for sensory information to the brain?
Dorsal column system
Lateral spinothalamic tract
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What do 1st-order neurons do in pain pathways?
Transmit signals from
periphery
to spinal cord
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What do 2nd-order neurons do in pain pathways?
Transmit signals from
spinal cord
to
thalamus
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What do 3rd-order neurons do in pain pathways?
Transmit signals from
thalamus
to
primary sensory cortex
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What are the two major pathways for pain pathways?
Dorsal column system
and
lateral spinothalamic tract
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How is sensory information conducted to the brain?
Through the
dorsal column
and
spinothalamic tract
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What are the three types of neurons in the sensory pathways?
1st-order
neurons:
Periphery
to
spinal cord
/
medulla
2nd-order
neurons:
Spinal cord/medulla
to
thalamus
3rd-order
neurons:
Thalamus
to
primary sensory cortex
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What do ascending pathways refer to?
Neural projections for sensory information travelling from the periphery to the brain
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What is the role of ascending pathways in pain perception?
They initiate the
conscious
realization of pain
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What are the two major pathways that bring sensory information to the brain?
The
Dorsal Column
and
Spinothalamic Tract
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What types of fibers are involved in the Dorsal Column pathway?
Aα
or
Aδ-fibers
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What types of fibers are involved in the Spinothalamic Tract?
Aδ
and
C fibers
in
lateral
ST; Aβ fibers in
anterior
ST
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What is the function of descending pain pathways?
Modulates
pain sensation
Enhances
or
inhibits
pain conduction
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Which areas are included in the descending pain pathways?
Anterior cingulate
,
insular cortex,
PAG
nuclei in the amygdala and PVG of the hypothalamus
DLPT and RVM
several neurotransmitters
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What neurotransmitters are involved in descending pain pathways?
Opioidergic
,
noradrenergic
,
serotonergic
,
cholinergic
,
GABA-ergic
,
endocannabinoids
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What is an analgesic?
a group of drugs used to selectively relieve from pain without blocking the conduction of nerve impulses, markedly altering sensory perception or affecting consciousness
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See all 131 cards
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