Pain & Analgesics

    Cards (131)

    • How is pain defined?
      As an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage
    • Where does pain occur?
      In the brain
    • What activates nociceptors?
      Thermal, mechanical, chemical, or other stimuli
    • What is emotional pain?
      Intense distress, anguish or suffering from non-physical sources
    • What are the categories of pain measurement tools?
      • Unidimensional methods
      • Multidimensional methods
    • What are examples of unidimensional assessment tools?
      • Visual analogue scales (VAS)
      • Categorical verbal rating scales (VRS)
      • Numerical rating scales (NRS)
      • Graphic rating scales
      • Verbal descriptor scales
      • body diagrams
      • computer graphic scale
      • picture scales
    • What are examples of multidimensional assessment tools?
      • McGill pain questionnaire (short and long)
      • Brief pain inventory (short and long)
      • West Haven-Yale Multi-dimensional Pain Inventory
      • Treatment Outcomes of Pain Survey
      • Behavioral pain scales
      • Pain disability index
      • Pain information & beliefs questionnaire
    • what are the different types of sensory receptors?
      chemoreceptors - chemicals
      mechanoreceptors - touch, pressure and distortion
      photoreceptors - light
      thermoreceptors - temperature
    • What are the three functional classifications of nerve cells?
      Motor neurons, interneurons, sensory neurons
    • How do sensory neurons transmit signals?
      Through a peripheral receptive branch and axon
    • What do nociceptors respond to?
      They respond to a variety of stimuli and sesne tissue damage
    • What fibers transmit pain sensations from nociceptors?
      Type Aδ fibers and type C fibers
    • How do nociceptors detect stimuli?
      By activating a single receptor with a chemical or physical stimuli
    • What neurotransmitter do nociceptors primarily release?
      Glutamate
    • What is a characteristic of nociceptors?
      They do not adapt to persistent stimuli
      encode the intensity of a stimulus within noxious range
      they detect a wide range of stimulus modalities
      elevated stimulation threshold
    • What is the function of nociceptors in the body?
      To sense tissue damage and pain
    • What are the categories of nociceptors based on their responses?
      • Thermal nociceptors
      • Mechanical nociceptors
      • Chemical nociceptors
      • Polymodal nociceptors
      • Silent nociceptors
    • What activates thermal nociceptors?
      Noxious heat or cold at various temperatures
    • What do mechanical nociceptors respond to?
      Intense pressure and skin incisions that break the skin barrier
    • What do chemical nociceptors respond to?
      Chemicals released from damaged tissue
    • What do polymodal nociceptors respond to?
      Thermal, mechanical, and chemical stresses
    • When do silent nociceptors become active?
      When tissue becomes inflamed
    • What are the types of pain sensory neurons based on myelination?
      • Aα fibers: heavily myelinated
      • Aß fibers: mildly myelinated
      • Aδ fibers: thinly myelinated
      • C fibers: unmyelinated
    • What do muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs communicate?
      Information about the location and position of the body
    • What are the two major pathways for sensory information to the brain?
      • Dorsal column system
      • Lateral spinothalamic tract
    • What do 1st-order neurons do in pain pathways?
      Transmit signals from periphery to spinal cord
    • What do 2nd-order neurons do in pain pathways?
      Transmit signals from spinal cord to thalamus
    • What do 3rd-order neurons do in pain pathways?
      Transmit signals from thalamus to primary sensory cortex
    • What are the two major pathways for pain pathways?
      Dorsal column system and lateral spinothalamic tract
    • How is sensory information conducted to the brain?
      Through the dorsal column and spinothalamic tract
    • What are the three types of neurons in the sensory pathways?
      • 1st-order neurons: Periphery to spinal cord/medulla
      • 2nd-order neurons: Spinal cord/medulla to thalamus
      • 3rd-order neurons: Thalamus to primary sensory cortex
    • What do ascending pathways refer to?
      Neural projections for sensory information travelling from the periphery to the brain
    • What is the role of ascending pathways in pain perception?
      They initiate the conscious realization of pain
    • What are the two major pathways that bring sensory information to the brain?
      The Dorsal Column and Spinothalamic Tract
    • What types of fibers are involved in the Dorsal Column pathway?
      or Aδ-fibers
    • What types of fibers are involved in the Spinothalamic Tract?
      and C fibers in lateral ST; Aβ fibers in anterior ST
    • What is the function of descending pain pathways?
      • Modulates pain sensation
      • Enhances or inhibits pain conduction
    • Which areas are included in the descending pain pathways?
      Anterior cingulate,
      insular cortex,
      PAG
      nuclei in the amygdala and PVG of the hypothalamus
      DLPT and RVM
      several neurotransmitters
    • What neurotransmitters are involved in descending pain pathways?
      Opioidergic, noradrenergic, serotonergic, cholinergic, GABA-ergic, endocannabinoids
    • What is an analgesic?
      a group of drugs used to selectively relieve from pain without blocking the conduction of nerve impulses, markedly altering sensory perception or affecting consciousness
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