module 4

• Declarative knowledge is the knowledge of facts, concepts, and ideas that can be expressed in words and other symbols.
• Semantic memory is the memory of general knowledge or facts that are not tied to specific events or experiences.
• Episodic memory is the memory of specific events or experiences that have happened to us.
• Procedural knowledge is the knowledge of how to do things, such as skills, procedures, and processes.
• Procedural knowledge is often learned through practice and repetition and is not easily put into words or explained.
• Declarative knowledge can be further divided into two types: semantic memory and episodic memory.
• Declarative knowledge is divided into two main categories: declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge.
• Declarative knowledge is the representation of facts or information that can be easily stated or explained.
• Concepts are mental categories used to group objects, events, or ideas that have common properties.
• Propositions are statements that express relationships between concepts.
• Images are mental representations of sensory experiences.
• Procedural knowledge is represented in our minds through mental models, which are mental representations of how to perform a task or accomplish a goal.
• Mental models are often learned through observation and practice and are stored as a series of steps or procedures.
• Declarative knowledge is the knowledge of facts, concepts, and ideas.
• Procedural knowledge is the knowledge of skills, procedures, and processes.
• Declarative and procedural knowledge often work together to help us perform tasks and solve problems.
• Categorization is the process of grouping objects, events, or people based on commonalities.
• Categorization can be based on different factors such as features, prototypes, or exemplars.
• People categorize concepts based on their implicit theories or general ideas about those concepts.
• A person's theory about what makes someone a "good sport" will influence how they categorize individuals as good or bad sports.
• The theory-based view of categorization is different from the feature-based, prototype-based, or exemplar-based views of categorization.
• Feature-Based View of Categorization: Involves isolating features of a concept to categorize it.
• Prototype-Based View of Categorization: Involves categorization based on a prototype or typical example of a concept.
• Prototype-based view of categorization involves finding characteristic features of a concept to categorize it.
• Exemplar-based view of categorization involves finding examples of a concept to categorize it.
• Theory-based view of categorization suggests that people use their theories to categorize concepts.
• People learn about concepts and categories through these different views of categorization.
• Learning is strategically flexible and not rigidly one-size-fits-all.
• People categorize concepts based on their implicit theories or general ideas about those concepts.
• Implicit theories allow individuals to distinguish between essential and incidental features of concepts and make inferences beyond perceptual similarity.
• Understanding the theory-based view of categorization is important for understanding the complexity of meaning and how people categorize the world around them.
• Knowledge representation is the way in which information is organized and stored in the mind.
• Collins and Quillian's Network Model is one of the earliest models of knowledge representation.
• According to this model, knowledge is organized as a hierarchical tree diagram, with nodes representing concepts and links representing relationships between concepts.
• For example, in the category of animals, a node for mammals would be connected to nodes for specific types of mammals such as dogs, cats, and horses.
• One model of knowledge representation is based on hierarchical relationships, where concepts are organized in a hierarchy based on membership, attributes, or semantic relationships.
• This model allows for inferences to be made based on existing knowledge.
• However, it has been criticized for not accounting for the fact that category judgments can be made faster for items that are closer together in the hierarchy.
• Another model of knowledge representation is based on the comparison of semantic features.
• Concepts are represented as points in a psychological space organized by different features.