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• Storage involves keeping encoded information in memory.
• Memory refers to the dynamic mechanisms associated with storing, retaining, and retrieving information about past experiences.
• Cued recall involves recalling paired associates, such as recalling items by pairs.
• Encoding is the process of transforming sensory data into a form of mutual representation.
• Serial recall refers to recalling items in the exact order in which they were presented, while free recall allows for recalling items in any order.
• The three common operations of memory are encoding, storage, and retrieval.
• Retrieval is the act of pulling out or using information stored in memory.
• Tasks used for measuring memory include recall and recognition.
• Memory is the means by which we retain and draw on our past experiences to use that information in the present.
• Recall involves producing a fact, word, or other item from memory, such as filling in the blanks or writing essays.
• Relearning measures the number of trials it takes to learn again items that were previously learned.
• Explicit Memory: Conscious recollection, recalling or recognizing words, facts, or pictures.
• Implicit Memory: Using information from memory without being consciously aware of doing so, such as reading a word properly even with a missing letter.
• Stages of Memory Model: Sensory store, capable of storing limited amounts of information for brief periods; Short Term store, capable of storing information for longer periods but with limited capacity; Long Term store, capable of storing information for very long periods, possibly indefinitely.
• Hypothetical construct: An explanatory variable that is not directly observable.
• Iconic stage (visual) and echoic stage (auditory) are part of the sensory store.
• Short-term memory typically remains for 30 seconds until rehearsed to retain it and is stored acoustically through maintenance rehearsal.
• Long-term memory includes declarative memory (semantic or meaning), episodic memory (stores life events), and procedural memory (step by step).
• The Levels of Processing Model involves perception, structural features, and meaning (semantic).
• Rehearsal plays a major role in the deeper processing of information.
• The memory process includes encoding (sensory to mental), storage (keeping information), and retrieval (using information).
• Recall involves remembering, while recognition involves familiarity.
• Implicit memory involves recognizing incomplete information, while explicit memory involves recognizing complete information.
• The stages of the memory model include sensory store (limited amounts for a very brief time) and short-term store (somewhat longer periods with relatively limited capacity).
• Maintenance rehearsal is the process of repeatedly reviewing information to keep it in short-term memory.
• Long-term store refers to the storage of information for long periods of time, potentially indefinitely.
• Long-term store can be categorized into declarative (semantic), episodic (life events), and procedural (step by step) memory.
• The levels of processing model suggests that memory is influenced by the depth of processing, with perception (awareness), structural features (sensory), and meaning (semantic) being different levels of processing.
• Elaborative rehearsal, which involves actively relating new information to existing knowledge, is important for encoding information into long-term memory.
• Cultural relevant tests are important for assessing knowledge and memory in a way that is meaningful and applicable to specific cultural contexts.
• Declarative knowledge refers to knowledge of facts, concepts, and ideas that can be expressed in words and other symbols.
• Semantic memory is general knowledge that is not tied to specific events or experiences.
• Episodic memory refers to specific events or experiences that happened to us.
• Procedural knowledge is knowledge of skills, procedures, and processes, often learned through practice and repetition.
• Concepts are mental categories used to group things that have common properties.
• Propositions: Statements that express relationships between concepts (e.g. "Dogs are mammals" expresses the relationship between dogs and mammals).
• Images: Mental representations of sensory experiences (e.g. closing eyes and imagining a beach, which appears as an image).
• Procedural knowledge: Mental representations of how to perform a task or accomplish a goal, usually stored as a series of steps.
• Theory-Based Categorization: Categorizing concepts based on implicit theories or general ideas about those concepts.
• Feature-Based Categorization: Isolating features of a concept to categorize it.