B. anthracis and anthracoides

• What visual metaphor is used to remember bacillus anthracis?

  A giant anthill
• What color indicates that bacillus anthracis is gram positive?

  Purple
• What shape does bacillus anthracis have when stained?

  Rod-shaped
• What does the curled extensions of bacillus anthracis colonies resemble?

  A Medusa head
• What type of clothing increases the risk of bacillus anthracis infection?

  Wool clothing
• What is another name for bacillus anthracis infection related to wool handling?

  Wool sorters disease
• What does the inhaler symbolize in relation to bacillus anthracis?

  Aerobic organisms
• How does bacillus anthracis differ from clostridia species?

  Bacillus anthracis is aerobic
• What do M&Ms represent in the context of bacillus anthracis?

  Spore forming organism
• What does edamame represent in the study material?

  Edema factor
• What is the function of edema factor?

  Increases cyclic AMP levels

  It mimics adenylate cyclase
• What does protective antigen do?

  Binding moiety for edema and lethal factors
• What does the skull sign represent in the study material?

  Lethal factor
• What is the unique feature of bacillus anthracis's capsule?

  Contains D-glutamate
• What are the two major clinical features of anthrax?

  Cutaneous anthrax and pulmonary anthrax
• What does pulmonary anthrax cause?

  Pulmonary hemorrhage
• What can pulmonary hemorrhage progress to?

  Mediastinitis
• What is the characteristic symptom of cutaneous anthrax?

  Painless papule progressing to necrotic ulcer

  Ulcer with black eschar seen in cutaneous anthrax
• What does the flower staff symbolize in the study material?

  Fluoroquinolones
• What is the effective treatment regimen for anthrax?

  Includes fluoroquinolones
• What does the case study suggest about the patient's occupation?

  Increased risk of pulmonary anthrax
• What does the Gram stain reveal about bacillus anthracis?

  It reveals gram positive rods
• What is the correct answer regarding the exotoxin complex of bacillus anthracis?

  One component increases cyclic AMP
• What is the nature of bacillus anthracis in terms of oxygen requirement?

  It is an aerobic organism
• What does the term "hemoptysis" refer to in the case study?

  Coughing up blood
• What is the significance of the widened mediastinum on chest x-ray?

  Indicates pulmonary anthrax
• What happens to spores of bacillus anthracis when inhaled?

  Engulfed by alveolar macrophages
• What is the outcome of spores germinating into vegetative bacilli?

  Causes pulmonary hemorrhage
• What can happen in rare cases of cutaneous anthrax?

  Bacteria can disseminate through the bloodstream
• What is the relationship between bacillus anthracis and the immune system?

  Protective antigen binds antibodies
• What does the term "necrotic ulcer" refer to in cutaneous anthrax?

  Ulcer with black eschar
• What is the role of the immune response in relation to protective antigen?

  It protects against infection
• What does the term "exotoxin" refer to in the context of bacillus anthracis?

  Toxins secreted by bacteria
• What is the significance of the case study's findings?

  Suggests risk factors for pulmonary anthrax
• What does the term "shock" refer to in the context of bacillus anthracis infection?

  Severe drop in blood pressure
• What is the relationship between bacillus anthracis and animal hides?

  Increased risk of infection
• What does the term "cutaneous" refer to in cutaneous anthrax?

  Related to the skin
• What is the primary method of transmission for bacillus anthracis?

  Inhalation of spores
• What does the term "necrosis" refer to in the context of cutaneous anthrax?

  Death of tissue
• What is the role of macrophages in bacillus anthracis infection?

  Engulf spores and deliver them