bio1

• What are the two main types of organisms based on cell structure?


  Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
• What is the main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

  Eukaryotic cells are complex; prokaryotic cells are simpler
• What type of cells are all animal and plant cells?

  Eukaryotic cells
• What is a prokaryote?

  A single-celled organism with prokaryotic cells
• What are the main subcellular structures in animal cells?

  • Nucleus
  • Cytoplasm
  • Cell membrane
  • Mitochondria
  • Ribosomes
• What is the function of the nucleus in a cell?

  It contains genetic material controlling cell activities
• What happens in the cytoplasm of a cell?

  Most chemical reactions occur here
• What is the role of the cell membrane?

  It controls what goes in and out of the cell
• Where does aerobic respiration take place in a cell?

  In the mitochondria
• What is the function of ribosomes in a cell?

  They are where proteins are made
• What additional structures do plant cells have compared to animal cells?

  • Rigid cell wall
  • Permanent vacuole
  • Chloroplasts
• What is the function of the rigid cell wall in plant cells?

  It supports and strengthens the cell
• What is contained in the permanent vacuole of a plant cell?

  Cell sap, a weak solution of sugar and salts
• What is the role of chloroplasts in plant cells?

  They are where photosynthesis occurs
• What do bacterial cells lack compared to plant and animal cells?

  Chloroplasts and mitochondria
• What type of DNA do bacterial cells have?

  A single circular strand of DNA
• What are plasmids in bacterial cells?

  Small rings of DNA
• What is the purpose of microscopes in biology?

  They allow us to see tiny objects
• What do light microscopes use to form an image?

  Light and lenses
• How do electron microscopes differ from light microscopes?

  They use electrons for higher magnification
• What does resolution in microscopy refer to?

  The ability to distinguish between two points
• What can electron microscopes help us see in detail?

  Internal structures like mitochondria and ribosomes
• What is the formula for calculating magnification?

  Magnification = image size / real size
• If a specimen is 50 µm wide and magnified 100 times, what is the image size?

  5000 µm
• How do you convert micrometers to millimeters?

  Divide by 1000
• Why is standard form useful in microscopy?

  It simplifies very large or small numbers
• How would you write 0.0025 mm in standard form?

  2.5 × 10^-3
• What are the steps to prepare a slide for viewing under a light microscope?

  1. Add a drop of water to a slide
  2. Cut and peel onion epidermal tissue
  3. Place tissue in water on the slide
  4. Add a drop of iodine solution
• What is differentiation in cells?

  The process by which cells become specialized
• What happens to most animal cells after they differentiate?

  They lose the ability to differentiate
• What are stem cells?

  Undifferentiated cells that can divide
• Where are embryonic stem cells found?

  In early human embryos
• How do adult stem cells differ from embryonic stem cells?

  They can only differentiate into certain cell types
• What is therapeutic cloning?

  Creating an embryo with the same genes as a patient
• What are some risks of using stem cells in medicine?

  Contamination with viruses in lab-grown cells
• Why do some people oppose stem cell research?

  They believe embryos are potential human lives
• What is the role of stem cells in plants?

  They can differentiate into any type of plant cell
• How can stem cells be used in agriculture?

  To produce clones of plants with desired features
• What is diffusion?

  The movement of particles from high to low concentration
• In what substances does diffusion occur?

  In solutions and gases