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• Co oznacza słowo "słowa" w języku polskim?

  Words
• What is the most common cause of cancer-related death in men?

  Lung cancer
• How many deaths from lung cancer occur worldwide annually?

  1.3 million
• What are the common symptoms of lung cancer?

  • Cough
  • Haemoptysis
  • Dyspnoea
  • Chest pain (dull or pleuritic)
  • Hoarseness of voice
  • Weight loss
  • Bronchorrhoea
  • Symptoms from metastases and paraneoplastic syndromes
• What are the clinical signs of lung cancer?

  • Cachexia
  • Clubbing
  • Tar-stained fingers
  • Lymphadenopathy in supraclavicular and cervical regions
  • Tracheal deviation
  • Reduced chest expansion
  • Reduced tactile vocal fremitus and/or vocal resonance
  • Dullness to percussion
  • Reduced breath sounds
  • Coarse crepitations
  • Bronchial breathing
  • Wheeze
• What does tracheal deviation indicate in lung cancer?

  It indicates collapse or pleural effusion
• What are the complications of direct tumor extension in lung cancer?

  • Hoarse voice
  • Stridor
  • Horner’s syndrome
  • Weakness and atrophy of hand muscles
  • Superior vena cava obstruction
• What are the complications of metastatic disease in lung cancer?

  • Bony deformity or tenderness
  • Hepatomegaly and jaundice
  • Focal neurology from brain metastases or spinal cord compression
• What are the evidence of paraneoplastic syndromes in lung cancer?

  • Musculoskeletal: Hypertrophic pulmonary osteoarthropathy, polymyositis
  • Neurological: Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome, proximal myopathy, peripheral neuropathy, cerebellar syndrome
  • Endocrine: Hypercalcaemia, SIADH, ectopic ACTH secretion
  • Dermatological: Thrombophlebitis migrans, acanthosis nigrans, erythema gyratum repens, dermatomyositis
• What is the most common cause of hypercalcaemia in lung cancer?

  Squamous cell carcinoma
• What is Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome associated with?

  Small cell lung cancer
• What investigations are performed for lung cancer diagnosis?

  • Blood tests: FBC, LFTs, U&Es, bone profile
  • Sputum cytology
  • Pleural aspiration
  • CXR
  • CT chest and abdomen
  • PET-CT scan
  • Technetium-labelled bone scan
  • MRI
  • Endoscopic ultrasound
• What percentage of lung cancer cases are non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC)?

  75–80%
• What is the relative risk of lung cancer for a current smoker with a 40 pack-year history?

  20 times that of a non-smoker
• What are the common sites of lung cancer metastases?

  • Liver
  • Adrenal glands
  • Bone
  • Brain
• What are the most common paraneoplastic syndromes affecting lung cancer patients?

  • Hypercalcaemia
  • Syndrome of inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone (SIADH)
• What is the histological classification of small-cell lung cancer (SCLC)?

  20–25% of lung cancer
• What is the significance of a PET-CT scan in lung cancer?

  It detects metabolically active tissue
• How does the histological classification of lung cancer differ between NSCLC and SCLC?

  NSCLC is more common than SCLC
• What is the role of lung function testing in lung cancer?

  To assess surgical resection suitability
• What are the risk factors for developing lung cancer?

  • Smoking
  • Radiation therapy
  • Environmental exposure
  • Pulmonary fibrosis
  • COPD
  • Alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency
  • Genetic factors