Responses to Post-Modernity

• Bauman 1992: fundamentalism as a response to postmodernity due to heightened awareness of risk, undermining old certainties, freedom and uncertainty. 
• Castells 2010 - Two Responses to Postmodernity: 

  1. Resistance Identity - a defensive reaction of those who feel threatened and retreat into fundamentalist communities 
  2. Project Identity - the response of those who are for forward-looking and engage with social movements such as feminism and environmentalism