Criticisms

• Beckford 2011 - on Giddens, Bauman and Castells: 

  1. Distinguish to harshly between cosmopolitan and fundamentalism, ignoring hybrid movements 
  2. ‘Fixated on fundamentalism’ ignoring globalisation and its impact on non-fundamentalist religions such as catholicism 
  3. Giddens lumps all types of fundamentalism together, ignoring differences between them 
  4. Giddens description of fundamentalism as a defensive reaction to modernity ignores the fact that reinventing tradition is also a modern, reflexive activity
• Haynes 1988: we should not focus on the idea of islamic fundamentalism as a reaction against globalisation